限制的正犯概念与二元犯罪参与体系批判

Critique of the Concept of Limited Actor and the System of Differentiating between the Principal and the Accomplice

从规范论的角度看,正犯与共犯犯罪性质当属相同。在犯罪参与的场合,应当从规范论而非存在论角度把握构成要件及其实现。在限制正犯概念与二元犯罪参与体系下,为弥补刑罚处罚漏洞、较好地实现罪刑相当,正犯概念不得不趋于实质化,并呈现'肥大化'现象。在正犯概念实质化过程中,在间接正犯与共同正犯的延长线上衍生出诸多非典型正犯类型,正犯的外延不再是'限缩'而是'扩张'的。在犯罪参与场合,直接行为人与间接行为人之间存在事实上的依赖关系,但事实上的依赖并非规范上的从属。参与犯的不法判断应坚持个别的、独立的立场与方法。考虑到我国刑法有关共同犯罪的规定明显不同于德、日区分制立法,以单一正犯概念与统一正犯体系为指导展开我国犯罪参与理论的研究不失为妥当之举。

The principal offender and accomplice have the same essence from the perspective of normative theory.Constitutive requirements and its achieved should be grasped from the perspective of normative theory rather than existentialism in the occasion of joint crime.Under the concept of limited actor and the system of differentiating between the principal and the accomplice,the concept of principal offender has to be substantialized progressively and its range has expanded extremely in order to suit the needs of penalty.In the process of substantialization,the atypical principal offender has appeared successively,meanwhile,the extension of principal offender has been expanded instead of limited.Indirect subjects depend on direct subjects physically rather than perspective of normative theory.The degree of illegality of each perpetrator should be judged individually and independently.As to China’s criminal law about joint crime,its basic spirit and value are all coincide with expanded actor.Under our criminal law,the concept the indirect principal offender should be abolished.