当代美国职业教育观念的转向及挑战

Transition of the Conceptions of Contemporary American Vocational Education and the Challenges Faced

20世纪80年代后,在新的劳动力培训需求和提升职业教育质量的迫切要求中,美国职业教育经历了从社会效率职业教育观向新职业主义教育观的转向。新职业主义教育观所提倡的生涯职业教育理念,学术、职业与生涯教育相互融合的理念,学校与工作场所职业教育相互协作的理念,彻底颠覆了社会效率职业教育观所倡导的终结性的、孤立的和隔离的职业教育理念。新职业主义教育观在实施过程中遭遇了来自人们的落后观念、隔离孤立的教育教学方式、陈旧的教育管理制度和软硬件设施不足等的挑战。宣传与普及新职业主义的理念,推动学术、职业与生涯教育的融合,重建与改造旧的教育管理结构,吸纳与优化各种资源,美国民众在艰难中不断地推动着改革。

Under the urgent demands for the new labor force training and enhancing the quality of vocational education,American vocational education has undergone a major transition from social efficiency vocational education views to new vocationalism education ideas after 1980 s.The viewpoints of new vocationalism,such as career education,the integrating of the academic,vocational and career education contents,the cooperation of vocational education in schools and workplaces overturned the ideas of the social efficiency vocational education completely which was labeled as ultimately,isolated and solitary.The operation of the new vocationalism encounter some challenges which include people’s backward ideas,isolated teaching and learning methods,outdated education management system and inadequate hardware and software facilities.At present,America is promoting the reforms with difficulty using many means such as publicity and popularizing the concept of new vocationalism,promoting the integration of academic,vocational and career education,rebuilding and reforming the educational management system,and absorbing and optimizing various resources.