1916年前美国国家公园的国家、市场和社会互动关系及演变

Relationship and Effect between State,Market and Society in National Parks in America before 1916

自1872年美国黄石国家公园成立以来,国家公园作为一种新兴的公共资源管理方式而受到全世界的瞩目,不仅是一类国际广泛认同的自然保护地类型,更是一类蕴含丰富政治意义的社会空间,是国家、市场与社会3者互动博弈的产物。美国作为国家公园的发源地,特别在其国家公园发展早期(1916年前),国家、市场与社会3种国家公园主导力量对美国国家公园的诉求、定位与行动等方面存在较大差异,并对美国国家公园战略定位与国家公园体系构建产生了十分深刻的影响。厘清这些关系将有助于我国国家公园治理体系与治理现代化的建设。

Since the founding of the Yellowstone National Park in America,the national park has been the focus of concerns as an emerging public resource management in the world.It is considered as not only one of internationally confirmed natural protected areas but also a political meaning-contained social space produced by the state,market and society.The driving forces from state,market and society have significant differences in the demands,positions and actions on national parks,particularly in the early stage from 1862 to 1916,and have produced deep effects on the later strategic positioning and construction of national park system in America.Looked upon as the origin of national parks,it would mirror the development of governance system and modernization of national parks in China.