黄连花花期动态及其授粉特性研究

Flowering dynamics and pollination characteristics of Lysimachia davurica

【目的】黄连花作为一种重要的传统中药材,对其花期动态和授粉特性的研究能够为其种质资源的保护、杂交育种以及药用繁殖应用提供理论基础。【方法】本试验于2015—2016年连续2年在东北林业大学园林学院苗圃地观察黄连花的花部形态、开花动态,测定花粉活力、柱头可授性,计算杂交指数、花粉/胚珠比等指标,结合授粉和套袋处理等,研究黄连花的花期动态和授粉特性。【结果】黄连花为两性花,圆锥花序,单花花期一般为4 d,单株花序持续时间为35~50 d。整个开花过程有2个开花高峰期。第1个高峰期出现在始花后第6~10天,第2个高峰期出现在始花后第15天。同一朵花中,雌蕊较雄蕊先成熟,柱头的可授性和花粉活力均随开花时间的延长呈现先增强后降低的趋势。柱头于始花后2 h至5 d内一直保持较高的可授性;花粉于始花后0.5~1 h活力指数达到最大,花后1.5~2 h逐渐失活。黄连花的花粉/胚珠比为878.7,杂交指数为4,综合花粉/胚珠比、杂交指数以及授粉和套袋的试验结果,确定黄连花的授粉特性为兼性异交、自交亲和。黄连花的整个开花过程中访花昆虫主要为宽带细腹食蚜蝇和东方蜜蜂。访花高峰期在上午09:00~11:00时,可连续访问多朵花,宽带细腹食蚜蝇在每朵花上停留的时间约为16~28 s,而东方蜜蜂约为9~17 s。【结论】黄连花花期较长,单株花期可达35~50 d,期间具有2个开花高峰期;雌蕊较雄蕊先成熟,花粉保持活力的时间较短,授粉特性为自交亲和、兼性异交,需要传粉者。

[Objective]Lysimachia davurica is an important traditional Chinese medicine.The study of flowering dynamics and pollination characteristics can provide a theoretical basis for the protection of planting resources,cross breeding and application of medicinal reproduction.[Method]The floral syndrome and breeding characteristics of L.davurica were investigated by observing flower morphology and flowering dynamics,testing pollen vigor and stigma acceptability,calculating outcrossing index and pollenovule ratio with pollination and bagging treatment.[Result]The results showed that L.davurica was a bisexual and panicles flower.Single flower period was generally 4 days and the duration of an individual inflorescence was about 35-50 days.There were two flowering peaks in the whole flowering process.The first and second peak occurred at 6-10 th and 15 th day after the beginning of flowering,respectively.Pistil matured earlier than stamen in the same flower.Stigma receptivity and pollen vigor increased first and then decreased with the prolongation of flowering time.Stigma maintained high receptivity at 2 hours to 5 days after flowering.The activity index of pollen reached the maximum at 0.5-1 hours and was inactivated at1.5-2 hours after flowering.The P/O(pollen/ovule)ratio and OCI(outcrossing index)value of L.davurica were 878.7 and 4,respectively.According to the results of P/O ratio,OCI and bagging test,the breeding characteristics of L.davurica were confirmed to be facultative outcrossing and self-compatible.Sphaerophoria macrogaster and Apis cerana were effective pollinators(the flower visiting insects).Flower visiting peak period ranged from 9:00 to 11:00 am.It can visit many flowers continuously.S.macrogaster stayed in each flower for about 16-28 seconds and A.cerana for about 9-17 seconds.[Conclusion]The florescence of L.davurica was long and the florescence of single plant lasted for 35-50 days.There were two flowering peaks in the whole flowering process.The pistil matured earlier than the stamen and the time of pollen keeping vitality was short.The pollination characteristic was self-compatible and facultative outcrossing.The pollination of L.davurica required pollinators.