试论《蒙古秘史》中的臣服仪式与君臣关系的确立

A Study of the Subjection Ceremony and the Establishment of the Monarch-Subject Relationship in The Secret History of Mongolia

《蒙古秘史》等材料展示了早期蒙古社会两种典型的臣服仪式,一为臣仆向可汗或大汗的臣服,一为弱者向强者的臣服。尽管都有誓言、礼物(贡物)等要素,但后一种臣服仪式多通过建立拟血缘关系强化二者的联系。拟血缘关系下的臣服存在强弱易位后的君臣翻转及财富的合理侵占,这是义父子、义兄弟兵戎相见却不主动解除关系的重要原因。安答、那可儿、答剌罕等原本具有平等和自由性质的称谓在后世的书写中日趋臣仆化,展现了《秘史》作者突显君权、重塑历史的意图,最终目的是赋予黄金家族统治草原的合理性。

Two typical subjection ceremonies in the early Mongolian society are demonstrated in The Secret History of Mongolia and other materials,including to the subjection of servants to Khan or Qahan,and that of the weak to the strong.Although both had oaths,gifts(tributes)and other elements,the latter strengthened the connection more by establishing kinship-like relation.The subjection under the kinship-like relation had the reversal of monarchs and subjects after the translocation between strength and weakness and the reasonable occupation of wealth;it was the important reason why they did not take the initiative to dissolve the relationship like the adopted father and son or the sworn brothers,despite the fought with each other.The appellations such as anda,n?k?r and darqan,which reflect the original nature of equality and freedom,became gradually servanization in the descriptions in later texts.It reveals the author’s intention in The Secret History of Mongolia to highlight the monarchical power and reshape history,and his ultimate goal of giving rationality to the Genghis Khan’s Golden Family in governing the grassland.