文化、制度与功能——武举制度的嬗变及其对武术的影响

Culture,System and Function: Tracing the Evolution and Its Impact on Military Examination System

武举制度作为封建社会统治阶级的政治工具,其兴衰存废,利弊并存。主要以文献资料法,对武举制度的历史演进进行透视和分析,反映不同时代的思想观念、文化观念和价值观念。研究表明:武举制度的创立,改变了选文不选武做官的做法,完善和发展了古代科举制度,为后世提供先例;武举选拔人才的失败,已经显示出武官选拔体制失去活力,严重影响民族身体素质的提升,阻碍武术的发展;追本溯源,我们看到历史上武人社会地位的低下,文武分途没有走向理性化,中华尚武精神由此丧失;近代民族危机加深,武举变革高涨,军事学堂的出现,直接削弱了武举制度的社会影响,导致武举制度走向终结。对当今武术发展的启示:追根溯源,打练结合,回归本真的武术,符合社会前行的基本规律,重视本土文化的积累性和变革性,在此基础上去伪存真,增砖添瓦,丰富中国武术理论体系,创新推广模式,才能应对全球化带来的挑战,实现中华武术的可持续发展。

As a political tool of the ruling class in feudal society,the military examination system’s up and down coexisted with its advantages and disadvantages.This study analyzed the historical evolution of the military examination system by the method of documentation,to reflect the ideas,cultural concepts and values of different times.The results showed that:The establishment of the military examination system had changed the practice of selecting only articles but not martial arts for officials,perfected and developed the ancient imperial examination system,and provided a precedent for future generations.The failure of selecting talents in military examination system showed that the system had lost its vitality,and had seriously affected the improvement of national physical quality and hindered the development of Wushu.Tracing back to the origin,we can see that the social status of the warriors in history is low,the division of civil and military affairs has not been rationalized,and the spirit of martial worship in China has thus been lost.With the deepening of the national crisis in modern times,the upsurge of the reform of military examination and the emergence of military schools directly weakened the social impact of military examination system,leading to the end of military examination system.Enlightenments to the development of Wushu:Chinese Wushu should trace its origin,combine practice and return to the real,conform to the basic law of social progress,attach importance to the accumulation and transformation of local culture,remove the false and retain the true,add bricks and tiles,enrich the theoretical system of Chinese Wushu,and innovate the promotion mode,so as to meet the challenges brought by globalization and realize its sustainable development.