民国时期北京产科接生群体的规训与形象建构(1912—1937)

Disciplinary Practices and Image Construction of the Midwives in Beijing from 1912 to 1937

清末民初以来,中国的妇女生育逐渐经历了一场基于西医知识体系的医疗化过程,这是中国社会近代化的组成部分。然而,相比于关于这一时期中西医的一般论争,西医在产科医疗领域主导地位的确立以及相应的医疗新秩序的建立,较少受到学界的关注。文章以产婆的规训和被污名化作为具体切入点,探讨西医的宣传者与捍卫者在与传统中医竞争过程中所采取的知识或社会策略,认为西医知识系统在产科医疗领域的确立,很大程度上并非依赖于其知识和技术的"先进性",而更多的是社会和文化等多种因素共同作用的结果。

Since the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, in the field of Chinese obstetrics, women’s reproduc￣tive activities had gradually undergone a process of medicalization basing on the western medical knowledge, of which is a part of Chinese modernization. However, compared with the general debate between Chinese traditional medicine( TCM) and west￣ern medicine, the latter’s predominance in the field of obstetrics and consequent establishment of a new medical order in it were less concerned by academia. Based on the analysis of historical archives about disciplinary practices of midwives in Beijing from 1912 to 1937, this paper discusses the strategies adopted by western-style doctors in competition with TCM doctors. It sug￣gests that the success of western medicine in obstetrics during this time was more dependent on the interaction of many complex social and cultural factors than its advance knowledge and technology.