对舒斯特曼“身体美学”的马克思主义批评（英文）

A Marxist Critique of Shusterman's‘Somaesthetics'

本文旨在讨论舒斯特曼的身体美学,直接回应最近的见刊论述以及2014年上海复旦大学专题研讨会中与身体美学相联系的四种观点。这些观点是:1)身体美学是一个学科,犹如经济学一样的研究领域,不同流派彼此阐发但学科本身仍然有待于历史学者与其它形式的批判加以论述;2)身体美学不是一种实用主义;3)身体美学研究促进赋型(embodiment身体化),可以成为身心互融的强有力手段,以及4)正如已有的种种马克思主义式学科如马克思主义经济学说一样,也会有马克思主义身体美学。然而,当我们将舒斯特曼的论著与马克思主义学说联系起来,我们也许要将以上四种主张全都摒弃。我的论证是,舒斯特曼的美学从理论到实践都可谓是资产阶级的、非历史的、实用主义的,因此他的美学,从坏的角度看,代表着资本主义意识形态的一种结晶,从好的角度看,是这种意识形态的一种应对策略。马克思主义认为资本主义意识形态在生产、异化、剥削等诸方面能促成虚假意识形态的形成,由此出发,我们可论证的是,身体美学则促成一种去型(disembodiment去身体化)。其结果便是,舒斯特曼所提出的身体美学究其本质是与马克思主义彼此不容的。

The purpose of this essay is to respond directly to four claims associated with Richard Shusterman＇s aesthetics,＂somaesthetics,＂made in print or during a special conference dedicated to discussing his work at Fudan University in April2014. These claims are： 1） somaesthetics is a discipline,a field of study,like economics,one in which competing schools of thought can contend with each other while the discipline itself remains immune to historicist and other forms of critique; 2）somaesthetics is not a form of pragmatism; 3） somaesthetic studies promote embodiment and can serve as a robust means for integrating mind and body; and 4） just as there can be,e. g.,Marxist economic theory,there can also be Marxist somaesthetic theory. However,by reviewing Shusterman＇s published works in tandem with Marxist theory,we will show that all four claims should berejected. As a matter of theory and practice,we will illustrate that Shusterman＇s aesthetics is bourgeois,ahistorical and pragmatist,and therefore represents a crystallization of capitalist ideology at worst or coping tactics at best. Insomuch as Marxism views capitalist ideology as promoting false consciousness regarding the relations of production,alienation,exploitation,and so on,somaesthetics might instead be viewed as promoting a type of disembodiment. Consequently,it is arguably the case that somaesthetics as presented by Shusterman thus far is fundamentally incompatible with Marxism.