甘肃马家塬战国墓地M4出土硅酸盐珠饰的科学分析研究

Analysis of the Decorated Silicate Beads Excavated from Tomb M4of the Ma-Jia-Yuan Warring States Cemetery,Gansu Province

结合X射线荧光光谱、拉曼光谱和X射线衍射分析,对甘肃马家塬战国墓地M4出土的11件装饰性硅酸盐珠饰进行了无损分析研究。依据分析结果将这些样品划分为钠钙硅酸盐玻璃、铅钡硅酸盐玻璃和釉砂三种类型。化学成分分析结果表明:钠钙硅酸盐蜻蜓眼玻璃珠的蓝色眼珠部分采用Co2+着色。拉曼光谱分析在铅钡体系硅酸盐样品中检测到了人工合成的硅酸钡铜系中国蓝和中国紫颜料,在钠钙蜻蜓眼玻璃的白色区域检测到了锑酸钙(CaSb2O6)乳浊剂/着色剂。结合已有的研究结果,探讨了所分析样品的可能来源及其反映的早期文化和技术交流状况。含有中国蓝、中国紫的装饰性珠子的制作材料和工艺应当是受到当时秦人的影响。而钠钙蜻蜓眼珠的成分特点,又与新疆等西北地区出土的同类珠子有相似之处。可见西戎人在玻璃制作技术方面同时受到北方草原民族文化和秦文化的共同影响。这批样品中以泥芯和玻璃化材料共同组成的装饰珠子,可能是从釉砂珠向玻璃珠的过渡类型,这对于研究我国玻璃的起源问题提供了新的参考资料。

This paper reports the analysis results of 11 decorated silicate beads samples excavated from Ma Jia‐yuan Warring State Cemetery ,Gan Su Province with the portable X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer ,laser Raman spectrometer and X‐ray dif‐fraction spectrometer .It is includes 3 types among these samples on the basis of their chemical composition ,NaO‐CaO‐SiO2 , PbO‐BaO‐SiO2 glass system ,and glassy faience .The blue part of the NaO‐CaO‐SiO2 glass sample was colored by Co2＋ ,and Sb2O5 was discovered as opacifier .The results of Laser Raman analysis shows in some circle beads exits Chinese blue and Chinese purple .Combined with the existing research results the early cultural factors and technical exchange reflected from these samples are discussed .It shows that the material and craftsmanship of the beads contained Chinese blue and Chinese purple were affected by Qin Culture .But the composition of the Na‐Ca‐SiO2 glass eye bead is similar with those excavated from Xin Jiang area .It infers the technology of glass manufacture of the Xi Ron nationality was influenced by the Qin Culture and the grassland nationalities’ culture simultaneously .The faience bead composed with the inner core and the outer glassy layer is possible a kind of transitional type between the faience and the real glass .This information offers a new reference for the research of the origin of the glass technology in the ancient China .