小麦野一水千斤冶简化栽培技术模式的水肥运筹分析

Analysis on Irrigation and Fertilization Management of Simplified Cultivation Techniques of Wheat for 500 kg of Yield just Irrigation Once

河北省地下水超采严重,水资源匮乏已经对当地的社会和经济发展产生了严重影响。作者从探索小麦生产简化栽培与节水模式入手,以婴泊700为试材,仅在播种前底施小麦缓释肥750 kg/hm^2(折合N、P_2O_5、K_2O施用量分别为210.0、135.0、52.5 kg/hm^2)、拔节期灌水(945 m3/hm2)1次,成功示范了"小麦一水千斤简化栽培技术"模式,2015年经专家组实收实打产量达到了8 049 kg/hm^2。通过分析"一水千斤"麦田收获后与播种前2 m土体的水分和三大养分储量变化,并结合前3 a的多点调研,提出了实现小麦"一水千斤"的土壤水分和养分运筹方案:实现小麦"一水千斤"的需水量下限为4 500 m^3/hm^2,人工补水量最低应为900 m3/hm2左右;人工灌水量越少,土壤水利用量越大;要使小麦达到正常的产量水平,人工灌水量应在900 m^3/hm^2的基础上适当加大;土壤养分运筹应掌握"减氮、控磷、补钾"原则,一般N、P_2O_5、K_2O施用量分别为210~225、105~135和75~105 kg/hm^2。本研究结果为河北省实现小麦节水生产、缓解地下水消耗、保障粮食生产安全提供了科学依据。

Groundwater mining are serious and water resource shortage has already had a serious impact on the local social and economic development in Hebei Province.The model of simplified cultivation techniques of wheat for 500 kg of yield just irrigation once was successfully demonstrated from the aspects of simplified cultivation and water saving using yingbo 700 as the material which was applied wheat slow release fertilizer 750 kg/hm^2（application amount of N,P2O5,K2 O were 210.0,135.0,52.5 kg/hm^2respectively） and irrigated once at jointing stage（irrigation quantity was 945 m^3/hm^2）,the yield of wheat with the model in 2015 reached 8 049 kg/hm^2.Then the operations plan for water and nutrient of simplified cultivation techniques of wheat for 500 kg of yield just irrigation once was proposed through the analysis of soil water and N,P,K contents in 0-200 cm layer before sowing and after harvest of wheat.It showed that the model needed the lower limit of water demand was 4 500 m^3/hm^2,the lowest artificial water supply should be about 900 m^3/hm^2,which should be appropriately increased to achieve the normal level of production.The nutrient manag ement should masterthe principle of reduce nitrogen,control phosphorus and supple potassium,and the application amount of N, P2O5, K2 O should be 210-225, 105-135 and 75-105 kg/hm^2,respectively.The results of this study provided a scientific basis for the realizationof wheat water-saving production,ease of ground water consumption and food production safety in Hebei Province.