西山采蕨,舜德化象——王阳明谪居龙场及其对少数民族的新思维

On Wang Yang-ming's Demotion in Longchang and his New Thinking of Ethnic Groups

王阳明早年谪贬贵州龙场,后人多知"龙场悟道",却鲜少知道阳明与当地夷人的互动及与土司的交往情形。居夷处困时,阳明曾西山采蕨,甚至到了绝粮的地步,他皆不以为陋。阳明深获当地夷人信赖,曾为他砍树伐木建造"龙冈书院"。阳明曾先后以三封信开导教化水西土司,因而平息地方苗乱,化解土司之间明争暗斗的危机,并藉"象祠记"一文,重新诠释诸苗夷祭祀象是出于景仰舜德化象的信仰内涵。两年的谪居经验,是阳明心学思想的蜕变期,对日后的土流之论与征伐广西的独到策略都有深远的影响。因此,对阳明而言,那是一段难得的琢磨期;对贵州而言,其蛮荒僻远却为王阳明提供了淬炼的场域。

In the early years, Wang Yang-ming was demoted to Longchang of Guizhou, and he is well-known for his ＂Philosophical The- ory in Longchang＂; nonetheless, few people know his contact with the ethnic groups, esp. the Tusi people. When living with these pe- ople, he once went to mountains for ferns, sometimes he had to do so for his shortage of food; nevertheless, he did not think of it as a shameful practice. He was thought of so reliable that the locals cut trees to build ＂Longgang Academy＂ for him. Yang-ming once put down a local riot by Miao people by means of three letters, thus resolving this crisis between tusi people. After that, he composed an es- say ＂A Tale of Xiang Ancestral Hall＂, explicating the reason why Miao people offer sacrifices to Xiang is that they respect the belief that Xiang was moved to be a good person thanks to Shun＇s good morality. The period of living experiences for two years with the locals is the transitional period for Wang Yang-ming, producing a far-reaching influence upon his opinions on the polemics between ＂Tu＂ and ＂Liu＂ policy and on the expedition in Guangxi. Therefore, his demoting period in Longchang is a polishing one for him, providing an exercising field for Wang Yang-ming.