上古“年”类时间词研究

The Study on the Year-type Time Words in Ancient Chinese

上古“年”类时间词比较丰富,共有“年、岁、祀、载、稔、兹、秋”7个。它们在词义特点上存在细微差别,比如“年”表示阴历年,“岁”表示阳历年。从认知方式看,这7个词的词义都来自转喻,是通过农作物的收成、草木生长或者商王的祭祀来认知“一年时间”。从词汇的演变看,商代“年”类时间词只有3个,周代增加到7个,汉代又减少到5个。商代“祀”是主导词。从周代开始,“年”成为主导词,它的使用频率大大超过其他词。

There were seven year-type time words in ancient Chinese which included ＂Nian＂ （年）＂ Sui＂ （岁）＂ Si＂ （祀）＂ Zai＂ （载）＂ Ren ＂ （稔）＂ Zi＂ （兹） and＂ Qiu＂ （秋）. These words had differences in semantic feature such as ＂Nian＂ （年）meant year of lunar calendar and ＂Sui＂ （岁） meant year of solar calendar.The cognitive models of these seven words were all metonymy which were from harvest of crops, growth of grass and tree or sacrifice of Shang kings. From the perspective of lexical development, there were only three year-type time words in language of the Shang Dynasty,and the number increased to seven in language of the Zhou Dynasty, but reduced to five in language of the Han Dynasty.The core word of year-type time words was ＂Si＂ （祀）in language of the Shang Dynasty. The word＂ Nian＂ （年） whose frequency of use was much higher than other words became the core word in language of the Zhou Dynasty.