风景名胜区旅游效率及其分解效率的时空格局与影响因素——基于Bootstrap-DEA模型的分析方法

Spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of tourism efficiency and the decomposition efficiency in Chinese scenic areas:Based on the Bootstrap-DEA method

综合运用数据包络分析方法与Bootstrap-DEA纠偏分析方法,测算1992-2012年风景名胜区旅游效率及其分解效率,探讨各分解效率与旅游综合效率的关系及其作用程度,并基于系统广义矩分析方法进行影响因素的定量分析与检验。结果表明:1风景名胜区旅游效率总体上处于波动态势,多数尚未达到DEA最优状态,纠偏结果显示,总体上风景区旅游效率及其分解效率较之原值呈现偏小态势,高值区反映在空间上主要集中分布在沿海地带、关中平原(山陕地区)以及西南地区,尤其是环渤海湾和东部沿海更加显著;2整个时间节点,从接近对角线的个数来看,纯技术效率—综合效率更加明显,且随着时间的推移,散点图上的纯技术效率和规模效率偏离对角线的趋势在增大,呈现出沿着对角线纵向方向扩展的特征,表明了纯技术效率较之规模效率对综合效率的作用与影响更大;3从旅游全要素生产率的影响因素来看,经济发展水平、市场化程度、交通发展条件、科技信息水平以及制度供给因素对旅游效率的影响存在正相关,旅游资源禀赋的影响作用显著下降,而产业结构变化的影响表现为负相关。

This paper seeks to find the pattern and influencing factors of tourism efficiency and the decomposition efficiency in Chinese scenic areas, specifically from 1992 to 2012. First,these efficiencies are measured via the integrated methods of Data Envelopment Analysis（DEA） and Bootstrap-DEA. Then, we discuss how the tourism decomposition efficiency affects the comprehensive efficiency. Finally, a quantitative analysis and test of the influencing factors are conducted using the System GMM method. The results indicate the following：（1） The tourism efficiency in scenic areas is fluctuating overall; however, most of them have not yet reached the DEA optimal. The correction results show that, compared with the original value,the tourism comprehensive efficiency in scenic areas is smaller on the whole, and the high value area is mainly distributed along the coastal zone, the Guanzhong plain（Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces） as well as the southwest region, more significant especially in the Bohai Rim and the eastern coast.（2） Throughout the entire time node, the number of scattered points close to the diagonal of pure technical efficiency to comprehensive efficiency is significantly higher than that of scale efficiency to comprehensive efficiency. Meanwhile, as time goes on,the increasing trend of pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency deviates from the diagonal in the scatter diagram. This appears to be vertically extended along the diagonal line, showing pure technical efficiency as having more influence on comprehensive efficiency.（3） From the perspective of factors influencing the tourism total factor productivity, economic development level, the degree of marketization, traffic conditions, level of science and technology, and system supply factors have significant positive effects on tourism efficiency. The effect of tourism resource endowment shows a significant reduction and the influence of the industrial structure changes is significantly negative.It is evident that the tourism efficiency spatial structure presents certain differences among scenic areas. The unbalanced development pattern explains that the eastern region is more likely to get the tourism resources than the other regions. However, with the increasing amount of tourism input, the utilization efficiency of resource factors is decreasing. This is mainly due to the irrational and erratic tourism industry structure, which could give rise to the inefficient allocation of resources. Therefore, the tourism industry structure must be transformed and improved so that the scale effect of tourism economy could be enlarged, so as to make the regional tourism efficiency develop evenly and steadily.