植物油脂中脂肪酸成分改良的生物技术研究进展

Recent advances in modification of fatty acid composition in plants through biotechnology

回顾近年来植物油脂中脂肪酸成分改良的育种研究及成果,并展望未来通过基因工程等改良脂肪酸成分的研究。通过自然突变筛选和人工诱变等手段,高油酸含量育种取得了较大进展,且高油酸油菜和大豆品种已成功推向市场。通过基因工程与传统育种手段相结合,已创造了芥酸含量为70%以上的油菜种质。通过导入外源基因,使得传统油料作物生产出含特殊脂肪酸的工业或能源用油脂成为可能。然而,对植物中脂肪酸代谢途径及其酶学活性调控的分子基础知识不足,仍然是制约油脂中脂肪酸成分调控的瓶颈因素。

Through natural mutagenesis and modification,breakthroughs have been achieved for high oleic acid breeding. As their products,high- oleic rapeseed and soybean varieties have been released to market. Regarding to erucidc acid breeding,with the combination of genetic engineering and conventional approaches,rapeseed germplasms were created with erucic acid content higher than 70%. Introduction of genes through genetic engineering have been made it possible to produce oils for industrial or energy uses with specialized fatty acids in oilseed crops. Here we reviewed achievements worldwide in oilseed breeding for fatty acid compositions,and forecasted future research on fatty acid composition manipulation through emerging approaches such as genetic engineering. However,insufficient understanding of plant fatty acid metabolism pathways and their molecular foundations of enzymatic regulation restricted their manipulations. In China,the study of plant lipid composition modification have started recently. Through learning from research activities on molecular foundations of plant lipid biosynthesis around the world,and accumulating knowledge by multi- disciplinary combinations,research in China on plant fatty acid composition alteration will be improved,which would further contribute to technical competitiveness of plant lipid industry.