新学独尊与两宋之际的颂美辞赋

The Domination of New Learning and Eulogistic Rhapsodies in the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties

专制政治与歌颂文学是一对孪生兄弟,政治上的集权专制需要高度一致的意识形态作保障。较之其他学术,王安石所倡导的新学更具专制主义政治品格。两宋之际的新学独尊期间,专制主义政治进一步强化,歌颂文学大行其道。皇权源自暴力,但统治者更愿意让人们相信其权力是上天赐予,具有不容置疑的合法性和唯一性。当时的颂美辞赋许多是为此服务的。王朝气势是一个国家对自己的认知。两宋之际的颂美辞赋表现的王朝气势不仅仅是作家个人的感知,它还代表意识形态发声,表现的是权力对王朝气势的塑造。当时有些辞赋还直接歌颂圣王美政,积极为其寻求理论支撑。颂美辞赋不能简单地理解为文人向极权政治展示无限雌伏、无限谄媚的心理状态的工具,它还可以构造虚假民意,图解政治意图,强化意识形态,以此向极权献忠纳诚。

Despotism and eulogistic literature are twin brothers,which means autocracy needs ideological safeguards highly consistent with it.The New Learning advocated by Wang Anshi demonstrated a relatively strong character of political despotism.In the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties when the New Learning occupied the dominant position,political despotism further strengthened,and eulogistic literature greatly expanded.Imperial power originated in violence,but the rulers preferred to make people believe that their power was granted by Heaven and possessed decisive legitimacy and uniqueness.Many of the eulogistic rhapsodies at the time served just that aim.Dynastic momentum is the self-knowledge of a country.And the momentum showed in the eulogistic rhapsodies at the time was not only the personal perception of the writer,but also acted as a voice representing the ideology and the shaping of dynastic momentum by imperial power.Some rhapsodies also directly eulogized sage emperors and ideal politics,and actively sought theoretical support for them.The eulogistic rhapsody cannot simply be considered a means by which the literati demonstrated their psychological state of measureless submission to imperial power,it can also construct a false popular will,interpreting political intentions,strengthening ideology,and hereby offering loyalty to imperial power.