进取、公平与社会信任

Enterprising,Fairness and Social Trust

本文利用2012年全国劳动力动态调查的数据,对劳动者社会信任的影响因素进行实证研究。研究发现,进取精神和公平对社会信任度均有显著的正向影响,而且一个人工作越进取且又得到公平的待遇,其社会信任度会越高。对于出生在不同年代的人,公平对社会信任的作用力度不同,并随着年代的推移呈现出递减趋势。收入也是影响社会信任的重要因素,信任随收入增长呈现出"U"型关系。是否为党派人士、教育水平、年龄、健康等对社会信任存在显著的正向影响;是否为女性、负面经历、是否为非农业户口等对信任存在显著的负向影响。本文还基于实证结论给出了一些可供参考的政策建议。

What makes the difference among the human capital of different countries？ More and more scholars agree that the trust among labors is one of the most important factors. The social trust can increase the human cap- ital, which can speed up the economic growth. In an economy with high level of trust, the cost of trading and infor- mation asymmetry will be much lower, the enterprise operation will be much better, and the efficiency of govern- ment will be much higher. The goal of our article is to find the factors that make the labors trust the others. In 2011, the annual report on social mentality of China claimed that China＇s social interpersonal trust had en- tered a ＂no trust＂ level. The level of trust declined year by year, and the phenomenon of social cheating was wide- spread. The level of trust of Chinese enterprises among the public with knowledge is only about 36% , which is higher than Mexico （34%） and India （35%）, much lower than Germany （80%）. Nowadays, the distrust between doctors and patients, the problems related to food safety have brought a serious shock to the society. The distrust phenomenon is becoming more and more serious, and the reconstruction of social trust has become one of the main tasks of building a harmonious society. Based on the sociological formation mechanism of trust and the economic research approach, this paper provide a thorough study on the relationship between Chinese labors＇ enterprising spirit, social fairness and trust. By using the data of the dynamic investigation of labors in China, we empirically studies the determinations of the social trust. The results show that fairness and enterprising spirit have a significant positive effect on social trust. Those who have higher enterprising spirit and receive more fair treatment, are much more inclined to believe in others. For the consideration of the interaction of fairness and enterprise, those who both work more enterprisingly and get fair income, are likely to trust the others. Fairness has different effect on social trust in different age periods. For example, the coefficient of fairness on trust is O. 177 in the group who were born before 1966, and the impact declines with the change of time. The income has a significant effect on social trust, and there is a ＂U＂ shape relationship between them. As the income increasing, the social trust firstly decreases, and then increases after passing an inflection point. This income inflection point is about between 30000 RMB/year and 40000 RMB/year. This finding is consistent with the situation in China, those with lower income in remote mountainous area are simple and honest, those entrepreneur with high income emphasis on business need integrity, but middle income class fall into the trust crisis. Besides, those who are members of political parties, those who get more education, those who are elder and healthier, are more likely to trust others. Those who are female, those who have bad experience, those who are not farmers, are less likely to trust others. After considering the problems of omitted explanatory variables and endogenous variable, our conclusions are still robust. In the robust test, we add up the happiness, current social class, religion belief, educations of father and mother to the original empirical model, the significance of all the coefficient do not change. Besides, considering that some common factor may effect both enterprising spirit and trust, we use the labors＇ enterprising spirit when they were 14 as the instrumental variable of the current enterprising spirit, the significance of all the coefficient also do not change. Based on the conclusions, we also give some suggestions. First, we should strengthen the social spirit of enterprising, and promote social trust. Second, government should deepen the reform of the income distribution system to guarantee that labors will get relative fair income. Third, a unified and efficient credit supervision system and a dishonesty disciplinary system should be established.