城市化是否提高了失地农民的生活水平?——基于失地农民异质性视角下的实证分析

Whether Urbanization Raise the Living Standards of Landless Peasants?——An Empirical Analysis Based on Heterogeneity Perspective of Landless Peasants

本文以失地农民异质性为研究切入点,在综合考虑人力资本、社会资本以及政府制度安排等多要素对不同性质失地农民生活水平产生影响的基础上,利用二元Logit模型对506个实地调查样本进行实证分析,得到如下结论:性别、年龄、教育程度以及失地时间等因素,对不同性质失地农民生活水平具有不同程度的影响;地区经济差异对不同性质失地农民生活水平具有不同程度影响,但不能完全解释失地农民生活水平差异;除被动部分失地农民外,人力资本对其他不同性质的失地农民均具有显著正向影响;社会资本仅对主动全部失地农民生活水平具有正向影响,对其他性质失地农民生活水平则无影响;政府制度安排对主动失地农民生活水平提高具有正向影响,但对被动失地农民生活水平提高具有显著负向影响。此外,基于失地农民异质性,采取与之对应的动态可持续政策措施,对于真正提高其生活水平具有重要现实意义。

Making the heterogeneity of landless peasants as the starting point, taking gender, age, level of ed- ucation and landless time as control variables, this study considers the impact of human capital, social capital and government institutional arrangements on the living standards of different landless peasants based on considering factors of difference in area economic. Different landless peasants include people who lost their all land passively, people who lost their part land passively, people who lost their all land actively and people who lost their part land actively. Based on 506 field survey samples from Shandong and Jiangsu provinces, this study makes empirical anal- ysis by means of binary logit model. The conclusions are as follows ： （ 1 ） Gender, age, education level and land- less time have different effects on living standards of different properties. Gender has positive impact on living standard of landless peasants who lost their all land passively ; Age has negative impact on living standards of land- less peasants who lost their all land passively and have positive impact on living standards of landless peasants who lost their all land actively; Level of education has significantly positive influence on living standard of different landless peasants ; Landless time has negative impact on living standard of landless peasants who lost their land passively and have positive impact on landless peasants who lost their land actively. （2） Regional economic differences have different effects on living standards of different types of landless peasants, but it can not fully explain the difference between the living standards of landless peasants. （3） Except for the insignificant impact of human capital on partial landless peasants, it has significant positive impact on other types of landless peasants. （4） Social capital only has positive impact on living standard of all active landless peasants and has no impact on living standard of other types of landless peasants. （5） Government institutional arrangements have a positive effect on the improvement of living standard of active landless peasants. However, government institutional arrangements have a significant negative impact on the living standards of passive landless peasants. From the conclusions, the most important implication we get is that： in the process of urbanization, the various factors have different effects on the living standards of different types of landless peasants, and different policy measures should be taken based on the heterogeneity of the landless farmers to really improve the standard of living of landless farmers. The specific policy measures as follows： Firstly, to increase and improve the re-education for landless farmers by multi ways, and to improve the urban survival skills by improving the level of education. Sec- ondly, pay attention to adopt different policy measures to different landless peasants in different economic regions. Thirdly, attach great importance to train and cultivate human capital comprehensively of landless peasants who lost their part land passively, and at the same time, especially to strengthen and cultivate Position human capital of the other types of landless peasants. Fourthly, to optimize the network construction of social capital further, and to break the constraints of space and geography, to extend social relation network of landless peasants who lost their land passively and those who lost their part land actively, so as to enhance its tension of social capital consistent with the urbanization process. Lastly, Government should further to make more efforts to reform in land system, the social security system and compensation system, and eventually improve the living standard of different landless peasants relying on the policy linkage.