城市蔓延成本的构成、测量与治理:国外经验与思考

The Composition,Measurement and Governance of Urban Sprawl Costs:Experiences Aboard and Enlightenments

城市蔓延危害众多却难以消除,部分原因是其真实成本为人所略,即注重了眼前收益却忽视了综合成本。相比于起步阶段的中国,国外对城市蔓延成本的构成、测量和治理等方面的研究已初具规模,其构成包括社会成本、经济成本、环境成本和健康成本等;测量时运用外部性理论,应用标准单元成本法等进行测量;测得的多数结果表明,相比于紧凑发展的城市,采取蔓延式发展的城市将付出更多的代价,而无论是政府、开发商、市民还是农民都需要为此埋单;而治理过程中,可采用税控、成本转移、内城开发以及精明增长等政策方法来进行城市蔓延的成本控制。于我国的城市发展而言,发展成本分析、社会规划引导和以治理推进精明增长,将会有助于各地方政府更好地落实国家新型城镇化战略规划。

This paper focuses on the issue of urban sprawl costs. It is hard to eliminate even though we know the hazards of urban sprawl, partly because the real costs of urban sprawl are always neglected, in other words, we pay more attention to the immediate gains but ignored the long, total, comprehensive costs. Compared to China, researches aboard have formed series about the composition, measurement and governance of urban sprawl cost. The composition of urban sprawl cost are social cost, economic cost, environmental cost and healthy cost. The theory of urban sprawl cost measurement is externality theory, while the methods are standard unit cost figure and so on. Most results show that cities which are undergoing urban sprawl are paying more costs comparing to those compact development cities, and all the governments, developers, civils and farmers should pay for it. In the process of urban sprawl governance, policy instruments such as tax - control, costs transfer, inner city development and smart growth could be as a viable alternative way. For Chinese urban development, the analysis of development cost, the guidance by social planning and the promotion of smart growth with governance will be a better way of implementing the new urbanization strategy of national planning for local governments.