水肥优化管理对渭北旱塬红富士苹果水分利用的影响

Effect of optimized water and fertilizer management on water use of Fuji apple in Weibei Dryland

【目的】在渭北旱塬无灌溉条件下，优化苹果水肥管理，为渭北旱塬雨养红富士苹果高产和水分高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】 201210-201309采用田间试验，以9年树龄“长富二号”为材料，设置农户传统栽培模式（农户模式）和现有水氮高效技术模式（现有模式）以及氮磷钾优化配比、合理基追比、树盘覆盖黑色膜、行间种植生草、配施有机肥等措施集成的创新水肥高效技术模式（创新模式），研究这3种水肥管理模式对苹果园土壤水分剖面分布、贮水量的动态变化以及苹果产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】6-9月，0~200 cm土层土壤平均含水率为农户模式＜现有模式＜创新模式；土壤贮水量随着生育期的推进呈先上升后下降再上升的趋势，总体呈增加趋势，创新模式土壤平均贮水量显著高于其他2种处理；3种处理中，创新模式的苹果产量和水分利用效率均最高，分别为 42 645 kg/hm2，100.69 kg/（mm·hm2），比农户模式和现有模式分别提高44.86%和34.48%及53.77%和36.92%，且差异达显著水平。【结论】在渭北旱塬无灌溉条件下，创新模式显著提高了苹果水分利用效率及产量，是渭北旱塬雨养果园最适宜的水肥管理技术模式。

[Objective] This study optimized the water and fertilizer management in Weibei Dryland without irrigation to provide theoretical basis and technical assistance for high production of Fuji apple. [Method] A field experiment was conducted from October 2012 to September 2013 with 9 years old Fuji No. 2. Three treatments were set up .. Farmers mode （all operations were based on farmers）,existing mode（current water and nitrogen management technologies） and optimized mode （optimized N,P and K ratio, reasonable basic fertilizers to supplement fertilizers ratio,black plastic film mulch under tree,grass cover in line and combined application of organic manure）. Apple yield,WUE （water use efficiency） as well as spa tially and temporally dynamics of soil water within soil depth of 0-200 cm were analyzed to compare the three management modes. [Result] From June to September of 2013, the optimized mode had the highest soil average water content at the soil depth of 0--200 cm, followed by the existing mode and the farmers, mode. The soil water storage rose at first, and decreased at expanding stage before increasing at maturing stage. The water storage of optimized mode was significantly higher than the other two modes. The opti- mized mode had the highest yield （42 645 kg/hm2） and WUE （100.69 kg/（mm · hm2））,with 44.86% and 53.77% increase compared to farmers mode,and 34.48% and 36.92% increase compared to the existing mode. [Conclusion] In Weibei Dryland without irrigation,the optimized mode could effectively increase the WUE and apple yield as the most suitable water and fertilizer management method for apple orchards.