汉语地点直示成分在句法结构中的表现

Syntactic Realization of Chinese Place Deictics

地点直示成分作为一种表达语用功能的成分,在汉语中除了可以单独实现为句法上的主宾语和状语外,更常见的是出现在名词性成分后,与之共同实现为定中关系和同位关系的名名组合。此外,还有直示义已经虚化的两种情况。实现为不同的句法关系,取决于地点直示成分的性质是黏合性的还是构词本身包含着指示或篇章成分。当实现为单独的句法成分时,地点直示成分所体现的表空间距离的客观语用义最强;当实现在句法组合中时,地点直示成分则体现出一定的表心理距离的主观语用义;当直示义虚化时,地点直示成分主要表达说话者的主观语用义。

Place deictics can be realized in Chinese as independent syntactic subjects, objects and adverbials, expressing the objective pragmatic meaning of spatial distance. They can also be realized as modified heads and appositions when combined with a preced- ing nominal, with some showing the speaker＇s psychological distance, which is subjective by nature. There are two other kinds of bleached place deictics following a nominal which express the speaker＇s subjective pragmatic meaning. Different syntactic relationships de- pend on the varying nature of place deictics, which may be clitic, or composed of the demonstrative or discourse morphemes. The syntactic realization of place deictics fully il- lustrastes the parallelism between syntax and pragmatics in Chinese.