遗失物的财产权结构——重新反思梁丽案件

The Institution of Lost Property: On the Reflection of Liang Li's Case

梁丽案件中当事人的自相矛盾,源自传统民法在定位遗失物的权利结构之时,严重忽视了如下事实:即无论拾得人还是所有权人,在遗失物问题上都存在严重的有限理性。这一疏忽导致民事立法对当事人施加了大量的无谓成本,也助长了刑法界中对此类行为动辄归罪的不当倾向。我国物权法对遗失物的判断具有体系上的合理性,但其实际体现了如下不当预设——即国家对遗失物的控制要比个人更加稳妥和可靠,这不仅违背法治精神,且会因严重违背民众的一般认知而引发不必要的非议与反感。立法应当放弃以权利性质来定位权利效力的陈旧进路,转而以把握权利归属过程为核心,明确具体当事人权利的具体内容。

The dilemma of Liang Li in the incident of finding gold in the airport derives from the negli- gence to the bounded rationality of both sides in the event of finding lost goods, including the finder and loser, which is a great drawback of the traditional civil law. In this way, normal people are inclined to feel unsatis- factory about the law for being forced to bear simulative burden, which sometimes may turn into criminal liabil- ity against the modest and restrained principle. The correct approach to deal with the problem is to abandon the old way, i.e. defining the effect of property right based on the nature of the right, and try to focus on the specific right of certain party during the process of defining the property right of lost goods.