Epstein-Barr病毒的免疫调控与逃逸机制

Regulation and evasion of host immune responses by Epstein-Barr virus

EB病毒(Epstein-Barr Virus,EBV)属于γ疱疹病毒科,是第一个被发现与人类肿瘤相关的DNA病毒。EB病毒通过激活Toll样受体(Toll like receptors,TLRs)信号通路,诱导I型干扰素的大量释放和功能性的自噬机制,从而引起机体的免疫应答。然而,相对于其他疱疹病毒,EB病毒已进化出更为精细且错综复杂的机制来破坏和逃逸宿主的免疫系统,如限制自身蛋白表达、活化宿主的泛素-蛋白酶体系统、干扰或逆转自噬与泛素化修饰等。这些机制会引发EB病毒在宿主体内的持续性感染,导致宿主免疫功能失调,引发EB病毒相关疾病(如鼻咽癌、传染性单核细胞增多症等)。因此,研究EB病毒特异性的免疫调控机制不仅对深入理解EB病毒的潜伏性感染和致癌性至关重要,而且还将为EB病毒诱发的相关疾病的免疫预防与治疗鉴定出新的潜在靶点。此文主要阐述了EB病毒调控宿主免疫应答和逃逸先天免疫应答的分子机制。

Epstein-Barr virus（EBV） is the first identified human oncogenic DNA virus in the gamma-herpesvirus family.EBV triggers a cascade events of innate immune responses through Toll-like receptor signaling including the production of type I interferons and the activation of functional autophagy. However, EBV has developed much more elaborate and sophisticated strategies for subverting and escaping the host immune system, such as limiting its own gene expression,activing the host ubiquitin-specific protease system, and interfering ubiquitin modification. EBV impairs the host immune system, leading to lifelong persistent infections, which in turn result in the occurrence of EBV-associated diseases, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and infectious mononucleosis. Thus, to better understand the mechanisms regarding the infection latentency and oncogenicity of EBV invasion will be crucial for identifying potential immunotherapeutic targets for EBVrelated diseases, such as infectious mononucleosis and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In this article, we discuss the research advances regarding the virology and immunology of EBV in the modulation of the host immune response and evasion.