海绵动物原位移植的研究进展

Progress on in situ aquaculture of marine sponges with medicine potential

海绵拥有许多在结构上非常多样化的生物活性物质,是最具药物开发潜力的海洋生物资源,但是海绵资源的供给问题限制了海绵生物活性物质的开发。科研人员采取了多种策略以解决药源海绵的生物资源供给问题,多年实践表明,海区原位移植可能是短期内最具可行性的策略。本文对近20年来全球药源海绵的海区原位移植实践进行综述,总结出包括移植方式、食物、移植块大小、水流和深度等海绵原位移植的要点:1海绵块固着要牢固;2滤食通道要通畅;3海区具有较丰富的粒径小于8μm的颗粒有机物;4水流适中,不能冲散海绵块;5移植块大小适中;6合适的光照强度;7部分活性产物的积累对环境要求苛刻,要做好前期调查。并指出了原位移植操作并不影响海绵中生物活性物质的含量。研究表明,在我国开展大规模的海区原位移植来解决海绵资源供给问题是完全可行的,并提出了在未来实践中要注意克服的3个问题:1环境差异大的异地移植不易成功;2可能出现的病害问题;3有性繁殖后代的培植。

Marine sponges contain many structurally diverse bioactive compounds and are the best marine bio-resources for pharmaceutical development. But the ＂supply issue ＂ of sponge material hampers their commercial production. Several strategies were proposed to resolve the supply issue. In situ sponge aquaculture was marked as one of the most reliable strategies after decades of studies. In this paper,we reviewed cases of in situ sponge aquaculture in the past 20 years and summarized important factors of the strategy,including the attaching methods,feeding,sizes of the explants,flowrates and suspending depths.The main points are： 1. explants should be securely fixed; 2. feeding canals should be unobstructed; 3. rich POC with size 8μm in farming areas; 4. water flowshould be moderate; 5. explant size should be moderate; 6. appropriate light; 7. some bioactive products are sensitive to circumstance. M ost of the cases showed that farming operations had little influence on the accumulation of bioactive compounds. Our progresses in this field suggested that it is feasible to scale up in situ sponge aquaculture in our country to resolve the supply issue. We also presented three problems that would be encountered in the future： 1.transplanting between areas with large environmental variations; 2. diseases and predators; 3. breeding of sexual propagated progenies.