油料作物对土壤紧实胁迫响应研究进展

Research Progress on Response of Oil Crops to Soil Compaction Stress

土壤紧实胁迫严重威胁油料作物的生长发育及产量和品质状况。本文综述了土壤紧实胁迫的发生及其对土壤肥力和油料作物的危害,阐明紧实胁迫下土壤"水、肥、气、热"受到的影响,由此抑制了油菜、大豆、芝麻、向日葵、蓖麻等作物根系发育,进而危及这些地上结实作物的生育特性及物质积累,并指明花生作为地下结实作物对土壤紧实胁迫的响应更为敏感。文章综述了改良油料作物土壤紧实胁迫的几个重要途径:(1)开展耕翻松土作业,打破土壤紧实;(2)秸秆还田;(3)掺沙改粘,降低土壤粘质性和容重;(4)合理水肥管理,减少板结发生;(5)选育高抗紧实胁迫的品种。最后,本文提出了油料作物应对土壤紧实胁迫需要加强的重点研究方向。

Soil compaction stress threatens growth, yield and quality status of oil crops. The formation process of soil compaction stress and its harmful effects on soil fertility and oil crops were reviewed in this arti- cle. The effects of compaction stress on the four main factors including moisture, fertility, air and temperature of soil were also expounded, which could suppress the root development of rape, soybean, sesame, sunflower and castor, and further did harm to their growth characteristics and dry matter accumulation. The seed -un- derground crop such as peanut was more sensitive to soil compaction stress. Several important ways for impro- ving the soil compaction were proposed ： （ 1 ） breaking soil compaction stress by tillage measures ; （ 2 ） straw returning; （3） decreasing bulk density by adding sand to the clayey soil; （4） reducing soil compaction by ra- tional management of water and fertilizer; （5） breeding varieties with resistance to compaction stress. At last, the key research directions were put forward for oil crops resistant to soil compaction stress.