《史记》“迭见法”考论

A Study of the Method of Repeated Recording in SHIJI

《史记》在不同篇章以完全重复或大致相同的简洁之言错综重复某些人事,运用了"迭见法"。司马迁运用"迭见法"重复记载人事,其目的在于寄寓褒善贬恶之义,解决"并时异世、年差不明"的叙事难题,以及展现时代精神与历史的发展趋势,最终服务于"究天人之际,通古今之变,成一家之言"的著史宗旨。春秋战国时期周王室势力衰微、礼崩乐坏,社会各阶层都卷入了称霸争雄的竞争,人的智慧与力量受到前所未有的重视;历史撰写的重心于是从以礼义原则褒贬人事转移到记述生动活泼的人物事件与波澜壮阔的历史进程,以"迭见法"重复记事应运而生。《史记》运用"迭见法"记载人事既强调文事相符、实录其事,又寓褒贬于人物的个性、意志、品性以及时代精神与历史发展趋势之中;这不仅缓解、克服了《春秋》编年之"体"(变化的历史进程)与褒贬之"义"(固化的道德评判)之间的张力与矛盾,而且起到联络本纪、世家乃至表、书、列传的作用,集中展现了《史记》的义例体系及其特点。

SHIJI repeatedly recorded some persons and events in same or analogous words in various chapters,which could be called method of repeated recording. Sima Qian made comment on persons and events in his work and dealt with confused chronology by this method,revealed the zeitgeist and the trend of time,and his final purpose was ＂examine into all that concerns heaven and man,to penetrate the changes of the past and present,completing all as the work of one school＂. In Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period,the power of emperors was weakened and traditional rituals were abandoned,all classes participated in struggle for hegemony, and power of human were attached importance,so the focal point of historical writing transformed into act of persons and events from making comment by ideology of rituals,and the method of repeated recording was founded. With it,the records in SHIJI were credible,it praised and blamed persons in narrating characters of persons and historical trend,and this method not only resolved the contradiction between changing history and changeless moral judgement,but combined the ＂Benji＂,＂Shijia＂,＂Biao＂,＂Shu ＂and＂Liezhuan ＂. Besides that,it revealed the stylistic rules and layout and characters of SHIJI.