从心智进化到心智生成——瓦雷拉的心智生成观及其对具身认知的启示

From Evolution of Mind to Enaction of Mind——Varela's Enactive Mind and Its Revelation to Embodied Cognition

瓦雷拉的心智生成观突破了心智进化观的局限。首先,心智的生成不是发生在外部环境之中,而是发生在有机体的主观世界之中。其次,心智选择的对象不是有机体的生物学特征,而是物体相对于有机体所获得的意义。再者,心智的生成不是由有机体与环境(世界)中的任何一方来主导,而是根植于二者共同演化的历史。最后,有机体不应被看作一种纯粹的生物结构,而必须同时被理解为一种经验结构。心智生成观不仅启发具身认知以现象学的态度来理解世界以及对世界的认知,而且启示它既重视身体对心智和文化的塑造作用,也重视心智和文化对身体的塑造作用。

Varela＇s enactive mind break through the confinement of evaluated mind. Firstly,the enaction of mind takes place within the subjective world of organism rather than the external environment. Secondly,the object selected by mind is the meaning that emerges from the relationship between organism and matter instead of the biological feature of organism. Next,the enaction of mind,which is dominated by neither organism nor environment（ world）,roots in the mutual evolutionary history of them. Finally,organism should be understood as some sort of empirical structure,but not pure biological structure. Enactive mind not only inspires embodied cognition to comprehend the world as well as the cognition about it by the attitude of phenomenology,but also benefits embodied cognition to centralize on the effect of mind and culture on body,not just the effect of body on mind and culture.