英国对抗式刑事司法的制度与价值渊源

The Origin and Value of British Adversary System in Criminal Justice

对抗式刑事司法程序是一种理性的价值平衡技术,根本上体现的是对权利冲突本身的哲学态度。对抗式刑事诉讼是以特定的政治哲学即近代以来的自然权利学说为基础的,17世纪"光荣革命"后,自然权利理念推动英国对抗式刑事诉讼改革不断深入,从民事诉讼与轻罪审判到叛逆罪审判,进而到重罪审判,对抗式司法程序于19世纪初在刑事诉讼领域全面确立,这是自然权利的价值革新与普通法弹劾式诉讼的制度演进两者之间相互作用的结果。同时,对抗式诉讼体现的是国家整体权力运作方式,体现的是各种社会力量之间的政治关系,对抗式刑事司法制度的形成与英国均势政治传统具有紧密的历史关联。

Justice procedure of adversary system, a kind of technique to keep the balance of value, essentially embodies a philosophical attitude to the conflict of rights. Adversary system is based on a certain political philosophy, namely, the theory of natural rights. After the Glorious Revolution in the 17th century, the idea of natural rights constantly pushed the reform of criminal procedure of adversary system forward-from civil procedure and trial of misdemeanor to trial of treason and then to trial of felony-finally, adversary system was fully established in the area of criminal proce dure in the early 19th century, which is the result of interaction between the reform of value of the natural rights and institutional evolution of accusatorial procedure in common law. And, adversary system also embodies the mode of operation of state power and the political relationships between different social forces. The development of adversary system has a very close historical relation with the tradition of political equipollence in Britain.