国际航运秩序中强制性规则选择的动因

Motivation behind Choice of Mandatory Rules in International Shipping Order

为了减少在谈判势力不平等的当事人间发生契约自由滥用现象,维护契约正义、提单流通价值与交易安全、国家政策和公共利益,导致了对契约自由的限制。强制性规则制定常常是一个艰难的妥协,纯粹地实现某个特定原则或价值都不可能,限制自由是因为存在着与自由同等或比自由更高的价值,如果国际海上货物运输法律制度缺乏最低限度的价值基础,就难以建立持续和稳定的航运法律秩序。海上货物运输法律试图创立航运市场交易中具有公正性的法律,一种并不必然给予完全自由的结构,强制承运人使其创设的契约关系能够符合实质性公平的航运秩序。

In order to reduce abusing of contract freedom between the parties with unequal negotiation power,to maintain the contract justice,the circulation value of bills of lading and transaction security,national policy and the public interest,the restriction on contract freedom is coming into being.Mandatory rule-making is often a difficult compromise,it is impossible to simply achieve a specific principle or value.To limit freedom is because of the exiting of value which equals to or higher than freedom.If the legal system of international transportion of goods by sea lack of the minimum value basis,it is difficult to establish persistant and stable maritime legal order.The law of transportion of goods by sea attempts to create a law with fairness in the shipping transaction,a structure that does not necessarily grant completely freedom,and forces the carriers to create contractual relations in line with the substantial fairness of the shipping order.