从上博楚简看早期儒家对君权合法性及相关问题的阐释

Study on the Early Confucian Interpretations of Chinese Monarchism Legitimacy and Some Other Issues from the Recordings of Shanghai Museum Chu-bamboo Tablets

从上博楚简来看,早期儒家对君权合法性及相关问题的主要看法有:君权来源于天与民,其根本目的在于实现"天下为公"的德治理想,即构建和谐有序的社会环境,使人人都能安身立命、成就自我,所以君权本质上就是源于万民并为了万民的公器;君权的合法性基础在于天命、民意与德能,这三者具有内在一致性,它们相互作用、相互影响,共同为君权的合法性奠基,其中道德因素最为根本;"仁以得之,仁以守之"是君权的获得与维系之道,执政者既须修身立德、率先垂范,又须依仁治民、导民向善,如此才能顺应天命、合乎民心,从而取得统治的合法性。

From the view of Shanghai Museum Chu slips, the attitudes shown by early Confucians toward the legitimacy of regality and other related questions are as the following: Firstly, regality originates from Heaven(天) and People(民) and its aim is to realize'Tianxia weigong'(the great harmony), which is the ideal of rule of virtue. It also means to build such a harmonious society in which people could settle down, get on with their pursuits and accomplish themselves. Thus it can be seen that regality —in essence,is a 'common tool'('公器 ') which comes from people and is ultimately used for them. Secondly, the three bases of thelegitimacy of regality are the order of Heaven, the will of people and the function of virtue, all of which have the inherent consistency and interaction. They lay a foundation for the legitimacy of regality and the aspect of virtue is the most fundamental.Thirdly, benevolence is the way to gain and maintain regality. According to this, governors need not only to cultivate themselves and establish virtue but also to govern people by humanity and guide people toward goodness. Only by this can governors adapt to the order of Heaven and satisfy the will of people and finally get the legitimacy of governing.