日本江户时代天下太平的政治保证——德川幕府的大名统治政策

Political Assurance on Peace in Edo Period of Japan

鉴于战国时代"下剋上"频频发生、武家社会秩序混乱的现实,为避免重蹈覆辙,德川家康及其后来的历代德川幕府将军依靠强权对大名势力进行了重组,在幕藩体制下,依据与德川将军关系的亲疏,把全国近270个藩分为亲藩、谱代、外样三种类型,对其分而治之,以建立德川家族的稳固统治,保证幕府对全国的核心控制力。但各地大名、尤其是那些外样大名仍然对幕府具有潜在威胁。因此,对大名进行有效管控,是消除危及幕府统治隐患的重要任务。颁布法令严加约束,通过改易对大名进行惩罚与威慑,令大名参觐交代以强化将军权威,摊派军役削弱大名实力,是保证幕府政治稳定的极具实效的具体措施。

Learning lessons from the frequent Gekokujōincidents and social disorder in the senkoku period and in order to stabilize the ruling systems,as well as to maintain the controll over the whole country,Tokogawa Ieyasu and its successor Shoguns regroup the Daimyos to three types：Shinpan,Fudai and Tozama,in terms of their closeness to the Tokugawa Bakufu.However,local Daimyos,particularly the Tozama Daimyos remained potential threats to the Bakufu＇s ruling.Thus,efficient ruling on Daimyos and eliminating potential risks became pressing tasks.To do that,the Bakufu took a series of detailed measures,including promulgating new laws,strengthening punishment and deterrence through kaieki,carrying out Sankin Kotai policy to improve Shogun＇s authority,and adopting the Gun＇eki policy to weaken the Daimyos.