不同秸秆覆盖模式下小麦植株性状、光合及产量的差异

Differences in Plant Traits,Photosynthesis and Yield of Wheat under Different Straw Mulching Modes

为筛选适合小麦高产栽培的最佳秸秆覆盖模式,设置7种覆盖模式即M0(覆盖量0kg·hm-2)、M1(覆盖量4 000kg·hm-2,隔行覆盖)、M2(覆盖量4 000kg·hm-2,每行覆盖)、M3(覆盖量8 000kg·hm-2,隔行覆盖)、M4(覆盖量8 000kg·hm-2,每行覆盖)、M5(覆盖量12 000kg·hm-2,隔行覆盖)和M6(覆盖量12 000kg·hm-2,每行覆盖),分析了不同秸秆覆盖模式下小麦植株性状、光合及产量的差异。结果表明,适当增加秸秆覆盖量有利于增加小麦节间长和株高,且相同覆盖量下,每行覆盖处理的节间长和株高大于隔行覆盖处理,且M2与M1及M5与M6间株高差异显著。M2、M3、M4、M5和M6孕穗期和灌浆中期的单茎干物质积累量显著高于M0。适宜秸秆覆盖量与不覆盖相比可显著增加旗叶长宽和叶面积;相同覆盖量下,每行覆盖与隔行覆盖间旗叶长宽差异不显著,而灌浆中期旗叶面积间差异显著。秸秆覆盖相对于不覆盖及相同覆盖量下每行覆盖相对于隔行覆盖均有利于提高小麦叶绿素荧光参数Fm、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII和ETR,而降低Fo。M4的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率数值最高,比M0分别显著增加了25.5%、45.6%和26.4%,且相同覆盖量下每行覆盖相对于隔行覆盖更利于光合速率的提高。未覆盖M0的产量最低(7 846.00kg·hm-2),M4的产量最高(8 408.03kg·hm-2);相同覆盖量下,M2比M1、M4比M3、M6比M5的产量分别增加了1.6%、1.4%和1.2%。小麦单茎干物质积累量、旗叶面积、实际光化学效率、光合速率皆与产量呈线性正相关。以上结果说明,秸秆覆盖量过高和过低及隔行覆盖皆不利于小麦植株生长、光合改善及产量提高,每行覆盖、秸秆覆盖量8 000kg·hm-2是安徽淮北地区小麦适宜秸秆覆盖模式。

To further clarify the mechanism of advantage effects of straw mulching,a field experiment was carried out to study the effects of seven straw mulching patterns,i, e. M0 （0 kg . hm-2）, M1 （4 000 kg. hm 2,with interlacing mulched）,M2 （4 000 kg . hm 2,with each row mulched ）,M3 （8 000 kg . hm-2 , with interlacing mulched）, M4 （8 000 kg . hm-2 , with each row mulched）, M5 （12 000 kg . hm-2 ,with interlacing was mulched） and M6 （12 000 kg . hm- 2,with each row mulched） on wheat. The results showed that properly increasing straw mulching quantity could help to enhance the internode length and plant height of wheat, and under the same straw mulching quantity,the internode length and plant height of the treatment with each row mulched were higher than those of treatment with interlacing mulched, and the differences in plant height between M2 and M1, M5 and M6 were significant. The dry matter weight per stem of M2,M3,M4, M5, and M6 were significantly higher than that of M0 at booting stage and middle of filling stage. Compared to the treatment without straw mulching, properly straw mulching quantity can significantly increase flag leaf length, width and leaf area,and under the same straw mulching quantity,the difference in flag leaf length and width between treatments of each row mulched and interlacing mulched was not significant, but the difference in flag leaf area was significant at middle of filling stage. Straw mulching compared to the treatment without straw mulching, and under the same straw mulching quantity, treatment of each row mulched compared to the treatment of interlacing mulched could increase chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Fm,Fv/Fm,qDvsn and ETR,and decrease Fo. The treatment of M4 has the highest values of photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. Compared to M0, the values of M4 were increased by 25.5% ,45.6% and 26.4% ,respectively,and the treatment of each row mulched was more conducive to improve photosynthesis, compared to the treatment of interlacing mulched under the same straw mulching quantity. The yield of M0 was the lowest （7 846.00 kg . hm-2）,and of M4 was the highest （8 408. 03 kg . hm-2）. Under the same straw mulching quantity,the yield of M2,M4 and M6 were increased by 1. 6%, 1. 4% and 1.2Gcompared to M1,Md,and M5,respectively. Dry matter weight per stem, flag leaf area, actual photochemical efficiency, and photosynthetic rate of wheat were significantly positively correlated to yield with the shape of a straight line. The studies show that straw mulching quantity is too high or too low and interlacing mulched are not conducive to improve plant traits, photosynthesis and yield of wheat, and each row mulched with the quantity of 8 000 kg ~ hm-2 is the suitable straw mulching model for Huaibei Area in Anhui province.