海岛型旅游目的地生态补偿标准方法体系的构建与应用

Research on ecological compensation standards for island tourist destinations:the construction and application of methodology

海岛旅游可持续发展问题是学术界关注的焦点。但是,目前很少有涉及海岛旅游生态补偿方面的研究成果,这不利于对海岛旅游地的保护和恢复政策的制定。以生态补偿相关理论为基础,构建了一种由界定空间尺度、建立狭义生态补偿标准与广义生态补偿标准物质量核算体系、构建狭义生态补偿标准与广义生态补偿标准物质量评价模型和价值量评价模型、设计狭义生态补偿标准与广义生态补偿标准分摊方案等组成的海岛型旅游目的地生态补偿标准研究的方法体系;并进行了舟山市普陀区案例应用。结果表明:(1)2008年,舟山市普陀区旅游目的地的狭义生态补偿标准为687.2552×104元,广义生态补偿标准为6656.5528×104元;分摊次序Ⅱ阶段的生态补偿标准为687.2552×104元,分摊次序Ⅱ—Ⅲ阶段的生态补偿标准为5794.5577×104元,分摊次序Ⅱ—Ⅳ阶段的生态补偿标准为6656.5528×104元。(2)来自于舟山市、沪宁杭(除舟山市)、国内(除沪宁杭)和国际(含港澳台)的游客,分摊次序Ⅱ阶段均需实际承担1.90元/人次的生态补偿标准额度,分摊次序Ⅱ—Ⅲ阶段分别需实际承担1.90、3.94、29.96和207.57元/人次的生态补偿标准额度,分摊次序Ⅱ—Ⅳ阶段分别需实际承担3.29、5.33、31.35和208.96元/人次的生态补偿标准额度。

Ecological compensation has proven to be effective for solving externalities related to environmental problems, and has been adopted in many countries. Ecological compensation ranges from the ecological improvement of damaged （or affected） areas to the creation of entirely new habitats or ecosystems, generally the same or at least similar to those that were lost. The determination of an ecological compensation standard （ECS） is a key issue. The ECS was assessed using the market value, opportunity cost, willingness to pay, and cost analysis approaches. In the international ecological economics field, ecological compensation is referred to as ＂payments for ecosystem-environmental services （PES）. PES is based on the principle that those who provide environmental services should be compensated and those who derive the benefits should pay. The PES can be defined as voluntary and conditional transactions over well-defined environmental services （or land uses likely to produce the services） between at least one supplier and one user.Sustainable development for island tourism has become a focus of research in this area. However, research regarding island tourist＇s ecological compensation is still rather scarce, which is unfavorable for protecting and developing recovery policies for island tourist destination （ITD）. Island ecosystems are fragile and easily impacted by human activity. The environmental sustainability of ITD is a necessary condition for island tourism sustainability, but it can be endangered by island tourism development. Internationally, tourist taxes （such as accommodation or fuel taxes） and extra entrance fees have become increasingly popular tools for addressing environmental problems associated with tourism. Using tourism taxes （or fees） to moderate and alleviate environmental impacts is defendable on the grounds of the ＂polluter pays principle＂ （or the ＂user pays principle＂ ）. As a Coasean market solution to externalities associated with environmental problems, PES has attracted increasing interest in tourist eeocompensation research.Based on the theories of ecological compensation, a methodology for ECSs of ITDs was constructed; it consisted of defining spatial scales, establishing a material quantity accounting system for specific and general ECSs, constructing a material quantity evaluation model and value assessment mode for specific and general ECSs, and designing an allocation scheme for specific and general ECSs. The methodology was applied to the Putuo District in Zhoushan City, China. The results showed the following. 1 ） The specific ECS of ITD in the Putuo District was 687.2552 × 104 Yuan and the general ECS was 6656.5528 × 104 Yuan in 2008. The ECS allocated to stages U , Ⅱ-Ⅲ, and Ⅱ-Ⅳ were 687.2552 × 104, 5794.5577 × 104 and 6656.5528 ×104 Yuan, respectively. 2） Tourists from Zhoushan City, the Hu-Ning-Hang region （excluding Zhoushan City ）, domestic locations （excluding the Hu-Ning-Hang region ）, and international locations （including Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan） all contributed 1.90 Yuan for ECS per person-time during stage Ⅱ. They contributed 1.90, 3.94, 29.96, and 207.57 Yuan, respectively, per person-time during stages Ⅱ-Ⅲ, and 3.29, 5.33, 31.35, and 208.96 Yuan, respectively, per person-time during stages Ⅱ-Ⅳ.