民国时期学校武术考论

Textual Research on School Martial Arts of the Republic of China

通过梳理文献史料,对民国时期学校武术(文中也称"国术")开展的历史背景、介入其中的社会角色及其作为、学校武术教育状况进行深入考证,从不同视角对民国学校武术做出评价和反思。研究认为:精英基于强种、卫国与保存国粹的目的对武术的提倡,是学校武术发展并成为重要传播途径的主要动力;学校武术在精英的努力下持续推进,基本实现了武术在学校课程中的主流化;除进行形式多样的武术教学之外,学校武术的推行,还依赖地区武术运动的社会基础、当地国术团体的积极作为、当地政府的配合3个重要条件;武术师资呈三元结构且此消彼长,师资培训堪忧,中、小学武术课时有限,教材编制标准不一。整体观之,民国学校武术尽管在一定程度上迎合了时代需求,但其历史功绩差强人意。学生个人兴趣需求被国家、民族观念和对抗西方体育的观念所宰制,其竞技化努力成效不明显,在西方体育教育框架下发展而遭遇诸多弊端。

Through combing historical document,this paper detailed studies the historical background,its origins,the social roles and their contribution,school martial arts education condition,and makes a reflection and evaluation from different perspective on school martial arts of republic of China.The result shows that the elites＇ promotion of the martial arts,which based on the purpose of strengthening people＇s bodies,defending country and saving the quintessence,was the main power of school martial arts＇ development,and it makes school martial arts become an important route of transmission.In elites＇ efforts,martial arts advanced continuously and became the mainstream basically in the school curriculum;In addition to various forms of martial arts teaching,the implementation of the school martial arts education career,at least depended on three important conditions：regional social foundation of martial arts,local martial arts groups positive achievements,coordination of the local government;Martial arts teachers showed a three-element structure,teachers training was worrying,martial arts class time was limited,the standard of textbook compilation was no consistent.Generally speaking,the historical contribution of school martial arts of republic of China is just passable.The school martial arts of republic of China had meet the needs of the times to some extent,but it had ignored the students＇ individual interest demand,the competitive efforts was ineffective,and it suffered many disadvantages in the development of physical education under the framework of western.