山西省畜禽业发展及粪尿养分时空变异

Temporal and spatial variability of livestock and poultry productions and manure nutrients in Shanxi Province,China

随着国家经济的高速发展和人民饮食结构的改变,畜禽养殖业由传统粗放式向规模化、集约化快速转变,畜禽粪尿的循环利用及其对环境的风险评价值得关注.本文利用统计资料和文献数据,通过使用食物链养分流动模型（NUFER）与GIS相结合,深入分析了山西省畜禽养殖量的变化特征,模拟了畜禽粪尿的产生量及其氮、磷养分的资源量,并从时空维度评价了山西省畜禽粪尿资源量及其环境风险.结果表明：1978—2012年,山西省畜禽粪尿的产生量由1.61×10^7t增加至2.75×10^7t,增幅达1.71倍,粪尿氮由7.74×10^4t增长至17.32×10^4t,粪尿磷则由1.09×10^4t增长至3.39×10^4t,增幅分别达到2.38和3.10倍.除养殖总量增加之外,养殖结构和养殖方式也发生了重大变化.从空间分布看,2012年山西省耕地畜禽粪尿氮、磷承载量呈现晋北、晋中和晋东南高,中北部和西南部低的分布特征,耕地畜禽粪尿养分资源承载量在空间上分布极不平衡,这是区域养殖专业化程度与农业政策共同作用的结果.因此,应通过优化生产布局和区域间养分协同管理等手段,来调控畜禽粪尿的排放与循环利用,减少污染及环境风险,以实现畜禽粪尿养分资源的高效与可持续利用.

China＇s livestock and poultry productions have changed significantly in the last three decades,from mainly traditional and small-scale systems in early 1980 s towards more intensive and industrialized ones in recent years,due to the booming economy and the changes in people＇diet.There is an urgent need to increase the understanding of the changes in the livestock and poultry productions and the impact of manure recycle on the environment. Here,we reported on a systematic and quantitative analysis on the temporal and spatial variability of livestock and poultry productions and manure nutrients in Shanxi Province,China,using a large database and a coupled food chain nutrient flow model（ NUFER） with GIS. In the period of 1978 to 2012,total animal manure production increased from 1.61×10^7 t to 2.75×10^7 t by 171%. The manure N increased from 7.74×10^4t to 17.32×10^4t,and the manure P from 1.09×10^4t to 3.39×10^4t. Besides the huge increase in total animal manure production,the distribution of animal manure was much uneven among regions,with high amounts of manure N and P per unit land in the north,middle and southeastern regions and low values in the north-central and southwestern regions,based on the results of 2012. The uneven distribution of manure was the combined effect of regional specializations in livestock and poultry productions and related policies. Our findings suggested that optimizing the structure of livestock and poultry productions and enhancing interregional collaborations on nutrient management could be two effective measures for reducing pollution and environmental risks,while achieving efficient and sustainable use of manure nutrient in the long term.