“拉倒”的词汇化和语法化

On the Lexicalization and Grammaticalization of “Ladao”

"拉倒"这一结构始见于明代,清中叶前都是述补短语,状态"倒"是动作"拉"的结果。随着动作义的减弱,"拉倒"词汇化为实义动词,表示"完结、没了",进一步虚化衍生出"算了、作罢"义的虚义动词。虚义动词"拉倒"的语法化兵分两路:一方面,由于主观化的增强而重新分析为表示"了断、决断"语气的语气词;一方面,用在祈使句中,在主观化的作用下虚化为话语标记。语用因素、转喻是其词汇化的主要动因,主观化及重新分析在其语法化中起了重要作用。这种演变大致在清朝中叶及清末完成。

Ladao （拉倒）was originally a non-syntactic structure which sprouted in the Ming Dynasty （明） ,as a verb-complement phrase ,the fallen state is the result of a movement after la （拉）. Until the middle period of Qing dynasty （;清） ,with the meaning of la （拉） unceasingly bleaching and from the ＂act＂ domain to ＂know＂ domain, action property of ladao （拉倒） was constantly weakened, and was final lexicalized as a notional verb to express the meaning of wanjie／meile （完结;没了） . Later it developed to be an abstract verb which means suanle ／zuoba （ 算了;作罢）. After that, this abstract verb ladao （拉倒） divided into two ways： on the one hand, ladao （拉倒） underwent grammaticalization, entering the ＂word＂ domain, and became a modal particle that showed the easygoing modal which had a modality function;on the other hand, by further grammaticalization Ladao （拉倒）been used in the imperative sentences as a discourse marker which may have textual function of joining turns and switching topic. This paper also discussed the productivity of Ladao （拉倒）structure. This evolution is roughly accomplished in the mid- dle and late of Qing dynasty （清）.