公众参与在行政决策生成中的角色重考

Reexamination of Public Participation in Decision-making

相较学理上和实定法上的"优待",公众参与在实践中被屡屡虚置,原因主要是:信息不对称导致参与不能或无效;对参与成本的忌惮;公民社会的未完成以及公众影响力需求的未满足;公共政策的"搭便车"效应等。对此,一方面,应当细化公众参与的具体技术:在遴选上注意代表性的强弱问题;在时间节点上,应与决策程序共生共存、并肩同行,且始终交融贯通;在方案的选定上,应克服结构化带来的弊端;另一方面,应当为有意规避公众参与、违法恣意决策的行为设定责任机制。同时,也应认识到,公众参与并非当然的、最好的制度安排,应注意其适用范围和适用方式,同时也应与其他决策程序相互配合,达成科学决策与民主决策的平衡。

Although it has been widely accepted by academia and positive law,Public par ticipation＇ is more like an empt y shell in prac tice, the main reasons are listed as follows： information asymmetry leading to participation unable or invalid, cost of participation, unfinished civil society and unmet influential demand of public, ＂free rider ＂ effects of public policy. In this regard, on the one hand, we should refine the specific technology of public participation： we should pay attention to the representativeness in the selection process; with regard to the timing issue, it should be in coexistence with the decision-making process, and confluence with each other through the whole process; when making choose of project, we should overcome the disadvantages caused by structuralization. On the other hand, we should set liability system for intentionally avoiding public participation as well as illegal and reckless decision-making. Meanwhile, we should also be aware that public participation is not the only approach. In order to strike a balance between scientific decision-making and democratic decision-making, we should also consider its scope and specific models as well as its cooperation with other decision-making process.