“周人明堂”的本义、重建与经学想象

The Original Meaning and Reconstruction of the Zhou Mingtang and Confucian Imaginings

郑玄与蔡邕对"周人明堂"性质、位置与礼制功能的不同阐释,均无法与经典原文所揭"明堂"信息吻合。先秦建筑考古发现亦不支持郑、蔡及后世学者对《考工记》"周入明堂"的复原。早期文献中的"明堂"有"治朝"、"太庙"和"月令明堂"三义,前二者属"周公故事"系统,后者出自"月令"理论。以"明堂"为专名的建筑出现于汉代。在汶上明堂、元始明堂与洛阳明堂的构建中,经过儒生重新构拟,"月令明堂"理论与"周公故事"相融汇,在两汉之际形成涵盖两大知识系统且以"月令明堂"理论为主导的新理论。郑、蔡双方对"周人明堂"的误解,都是以汉代明堂制度为认知起点的经学想象。"明堂"的出现与制度构建,既增益了先秦以来的建筑种类,也改变了都城礼制建筑之间的秩序。

The interpretations provided by Zheng Xun and Cai Yong of the nature,location and ceremonial function of the Zhou Dynasty mingtang(明堂) cannot be reconciled with the information in the original text of the classics;moreover,the archaeological evidence from preQin building sites does not support the retrieval of the 'original' carried out by Zheng,Cai and later scholars on the basis of the Kao Gong Ji(考工记).In the early literature,mingtang had the three meanings of royal palace,royal ancestral temple,and hall of the monthly ordinances(yueling mingtang),with the first two deriving from the Duke of Zhou story system while the third came from the theories recorded in the Yueling(月令).Buildings denominated mingtang first appeared in the Han Dynasty.In the course of the construction of the Wenshang Mingtang,the Yuanshi Mingtang and the Luoyang Mingtang,as reconstituted by Confucian scholars,the two great knowledge traditions of the Duke of Zhou story cycle and the Yueling theories converged,forming,at the turn of the Western and Eastern Han,a new set of theories for which the rites in the Yueling provided the main foundation.Zheng and Cai's misunderstanding of the Zhou mingtang are nothing but Confucian imaginings that take the Han mingtang system as their starting point.The emergence of the mingtang and its institutional construction enriched the variety of building types following the pre-Qin period and also changed the order of ritual buildings in the capital cities.