汉晋之际质任现象综论

A General Discussion on the Practice of Hostage Taking at the Turn of the Late Han-Early Jin

马超背父弃亲之举饱受时人诟病。解析马超弃质事件,可对崇尚孝悌节义的东汉社会与凉州地区匈奴羌胡习俗作多维度的审视。质任制与吴魏的外交斗争密切相关。孙权在夷陵之战中的外交策略,特别是在质子之争中取得的胜利,不仅为孙吴赢得了生存和发展的空间,也在一定程度上延缓了三国统一的时间。曹魏灭蜀是三国统一战争中的关键之战,质任制与士亡法在当时发挥了制约钟会叛乱的特殊作用。将质任现象置于汉晋之际从天下分裂到统一战争的视野下考察,并延伸至儒学孝文化层面的理路上来探索,或将有助于对质任现象的深入思考。

Ma Chao's abandonment of his father,a political hostage in Cao Cao's hands,was widely denounced by his contemporaries.This case can be seen from multiple points of view,among them that of Eastern Han society,with its veneration of filial piety,fraternal duty,moral integrity and righteousness,and that of the social mores of the Northwestern ethnic groups in the Liangzhou area.The hostage system was also closely connected with the diplomatic struggles between Wei and Wu.Sun Quan's diplomatic strategy in the Battle of Yiling,and especially his successful refusal of Cao Pi's demand that he send his son as a hostage,not only gained space for the existence and continuance of Wu,but also,to some extent,delayed Wei's unification of the three kingdoms.In Wei's decisive conquest of Shu,the practice of taking diplomatic hostages and the law on punishment of deserters(shi wang fa 士亡法) played a role in preventing Zhong Hui from rising in rebellion.By taking into account the special background of the wars of this period,from the division of the late Han through to unification in the early Jin,and by extending our approach to encompass the Confucian culture of filial piety,we may be able to gain a deeper understanding of the practice of hostage taking at that time.