封禅礼与唐代前半期吉礼的变革

The Fengshan Ritual and Changes in Sacrificial Ceremonies in The First Half of the Tang Dynasty

仪式为何改变、又如何改变?礼制的创新必须通过复制、扩大或重组既有仪式做法,并非单纯地由观念或政治目的所主导。高宗中期以至玄宗晚年吉礼大祀近百年的变革其实是以乾封元年之唐代首次封禅为蓝本:重大祭祀的助祭从高级官员改由皇室近亲出任,配享的指定由"专配"改为"多祖同配",而武后"明堂新礼"和玄宗"三大礼"等高度颠覆传统的大型仪式更是借用并延伸了封禅所建立的复合式结构。此时期吉礼大祀正进行渐进的结构重整,而皇权的提升并非此一变迁的原因,而是其产物。

Why do ceremonies change? How do they change? Ritual innovation must come through replicating,expanding or restructuring established rites,and is not necessarily dominated by ideas or political aims.The changes in major sacrificial ceremonies,which occurred over more than a hundred years,from the middle years of Gaozong' s reign to the later years of Xuanzong' s reign,in fact took as its blueprint the first Tang fengshan ceremony(sacrificial worship of Heaven on Mount Tai) held in the first year of Qianfeng.With the change,in major sacrificial ceremonies,members of the royal family replaced high-ranking officials as acolytes or zhuji(助祭);the peixiang or ancestors worshipped in the sacrifice were worshipped together rather than one by one;and large-scale sacrificial ceremonies that represented a thorough break with tradition,such as Empress Wu Zetian's Mingtang New Rites and Emperor Xuanzong's Three New Major Rites,borrowed and expanded the composite structure established in the Fengshan ceremony.During this period,the major sacrificial ceremonies were undergoing progressive restructuring;the increase in imperial power was not the reason but the product of this change.