从马王堆帛书《易传》看孔子的言语思想

On Confucius' s Philosophy of Speech According to the Mawangdui Silk Version of the Yi zhuan

通过对《周易》经文"乐其辞"的解读方式,马王堆帛书《易传》就言语问题阐明了如下观点:其一,君子的言与行是招致吉凶的关键,亦是君子与其臣属、民众乃至天地相沟通的重要途径,作为君子,必须谨言慎行;其二,从性质上来看,言有小人之言、君子之言与圣人之言的区别,圣人之言即为《周易》卦爻辞所承载的"古之遗言",亦即古代先王、尤其是周文王的仁德之教;其三,君子出言的原则和方法有多种,如"言当其时"、"易其心而后呼(语)"、使用"同心之言"等,但最终的落脚点是君子的德行。借助于对言语问题的阐发,帛书《易传》向我们展示了孔子言语思想背后广阔的道德境域,此正与六篇文本"观其德义"的思想主旨相契合,也是先秦儒家言语问题的根本归结点。

Based on his favor towards the hexagram and line statements of the Zhou Changes,Confucius（551-479BCE）expressed his philosophy of speech through the following views manifested in Mawangdui silk manuscript of the Yi zhuan（Commentaries on the Changes）：1）The noble man＇s words and deeds are the hinge leading to fortune or misfortune and constitute an important channel for him to communicate with his subordinates,populace,and even Heaven and Earth.Therefore,the noble man has to speak and act cautiously;2）Types of speech can by nature be classified into petty men＇s speech,noble men＇s speech,and sages＇ speech.Sages＇ speech refers to the hexagram and line statements of the Zhou Changes,which preserved ancient kings＇ wisdom,particularly King Wen of Zhou＇s teaching of the virtue of benevolence;3）There are many principles and methods for noble men＇s speech,such as＂timely speaking,＂＂calming one＇s mind before speaking,＂employing＂unanimous speech＂,and so on.But the standing point is the noble man＇s moral integrity.With the help of the explication of the issue of utterances,the silk version of the Yi zhuanexposed to us the broad and extensive vision of virtue behind Confucius＇ s thought on speech,which just confirms the emphasis on the significance of virtue threading through the six commentaries attached to the Mawangdui silk manuscript of the Changes and was also a fundamental conclusion on the issue of speech of the pre-Qin（before 221BCE）Confucians.