说汉语儿童“不”字否定句发展个案研究

A Case Study on Mandarin-speaking Children's Development of “No” Negative Sentences

"不"字是主要的否定词,"不"字否定句的发展是说汉语儿童否定句发展的重要组成部分。运用个案跟踪调查法、数理统计法、文献资料法对两名说汉语儿童1岁半到3岁半早期语言习得情况进行分析发现,这两名儿童的否定范畴"不"首次出现在1岁半左右,而且在1岁半到3岁半之间,"不"一直占据所有否定词的主导地位,使用频率最高,使用范围最广,在3岁半已基本习得"不"字否定词。说汉语儿童"不"字否定句的误用多表现为"不""没有"的混用与泛用,以及"不"的位置错误,这与儿童语言能力和认知能力发展不完善相关,随着语言能力的提升以及认知的发展,否定词"不"的误用会逐步且自然地向正确使用过渡。

＂No＂is the main negative word,the development of＂no＂negative sentences is an important part of the development of negative sentences for Mandarin-speaking children. With longitudinal method,statistical method and document method,an analysis was conducted according to the condition of two Mandarinspeaking children＇s early language acquisition from one and a half years old to three and a half years old.The result shows that： their initial use of ＂no＂negative sentences was at one and a half years old; from one and a half years old to three and a half years old,＂no＂held dominant position by its high frequency and extent; before three and a half years old,both of them had already had the ability to use ＂no＂negative sentences. The misuse mainly lay in the confusion between ＂no＂and ＂none＂and its inappropriate position in a sentence which related to their incomplete language and cognitive competence. With the development of their abilities,the misuse could drop off.