司法鉴定管理体制改革的方向与逻辑

Direction and Logic of the Reform of Forensic Identification and Evaluation System

政法部门分散管理的司法鉴定体制,曾在"文革"结束后的较长时间内具有相对的合理性。但从上世纪90年代开始,随着司法制度与庭审方式的改革,以及过度分散管理所造成的种种弊端,最终促使国家在2005年启动了司法鉴定管理体制改革——原则上由司法行政机关进行统一管理。然而,政法部门的权力纠葛和司法行政机关管理社会鉴定机构、鉴定人所遭遇的重重困境,削弱了全国人大常委会《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》所意欲形塑的统一管理预期。为此,党的十八届四中全会提出了"健全统一司法鉴定管理体制"的改革目标。为实现该目标,国家应注重在法律、法规、技术等层面实现规范性统一,然后,在操作层面合理平衡统一管理与部门管理的权限,并充分发挥司法鉴定行业管理的作用。

The decentralized administration by political-legal departments of forensic identification and evaluation had been relatively reasonable for a long period of time after the Cultural Revolution. However, starting from the 1990s, especially since the beginning of the 21st century, the reform of the judicial system and court trial model and the disadvantages of excessive division of authority a- mong political-legal departments had ultimately led to the reform of the forensic identification and e- valuation system in 2005, in which judicial administrative organs have been authorized to exercise u- nified administration of forensic identification and evaluation on behalf of the state. However, the power struggle between the political-legal departments and the many difficulties faced by judicial ad- ministrative organs in administrating social forensic identification and evaluation bodies and forensic evaluators had weakened the system of unified administration of forensic identification and evaluation established by a decision adopted by the Standing Committee of the National People＇ s Congress in 2005. In view of this fact, the CPC decided at its Fourth Plenary Session of Eighteenth Central Com- mittee to ＂improve the unified system of administration of forensic identification and evaluation＂. To achieve this goal, the state should first realize the unification of the forensic identification and evalua- tion system at the normative and technical level, and then strike a reasonable balance between the unified administration and the competence of various government organs at the level of concrete operation, while at the same time give full play to the auxiliary administrative functions of industrial associ- ations of forensic identification and evaluation.