身份识别、契约优化与利益共享——我国养老保险的制度变迁与路径探索

Identity Recognition, Contract Optimization and Interest Sharing:Institution evolution and path exploration of China's pension system

现时代是"身份性契约型社会",契约本身也是身份的载体,规范有序的市场经济理应契约与身份并重。"身份"既是社会研究的分析单位,也是一种分析方法。"身份治理"是一种蕴含"身份伦理"和"契约伦理"的社会治理模式,如何拟合不同身份进而优化社会运行是社会制度的内在要义。本文以"身份"为纵横轴,通过梳理我国退休养老保险制度的创制、演化及其身份轨迹,发现当前养老保险制度建设的困境或争议主要在于身份识别不到位甚至缺失;应当整合社会身份网络体系,从"国民身份"、"集体身份"和"个体责任"三个层次建立国民年金、职业年金、企业年金和土地年金等制度,对"个人账户"进行功能开发,从而建构公平可持续的养老保险制度。

This is an age of the 'status and contract society'. Essentially,contract is also a carrier of status. Standardized and orderly market economy ought to stress both the importance of contract and identity. 'Status'is not only an analytic unit but also an analytic method in social research. 'Identity governance ' is one kind of social governance containing'identity ethics'and'contract ethics'. How to integrate different identities and optimize the social operational mechanism is the essence of social systems and institutions. This paper analyzes the establishment and evolution of the pension system in China from the perspective of identity,and argues that the trouble of pension reform is that people's identity is not properly placed,even in absence sometimes. In order to develop a fair and sustainable pension system, the author advocates an integrated social identity network and the establishment of a national pension system,occupational or enterprise annuity and land annuity system at three levels,i. e.,the national identity,the collective identity and individual's responsibility. It recommends dividing the individual account of pension to develop its function.