甲午战争后六年间长江流域通商口岸日租界设立问题述论

The Establishment of Japanese Concessions in Treaty Ports along the Yangtze River Valley in the Six Years after the First Sino-Japanese War(1894—1895)

《马关条约》订立后,日本为了在华享有与西方列强同样的地位与权益,急于在长江流域一些通商口岸设立专管租界。但清政府根据张之洞等的建议,以设立本国拥有主权的外国通商场来应对,同时接受李鸿章主张,试图引入列强来牵制日本。围绕在苏州、杭州、沙市、汉口、重庆、上海设立日租界问题,双方交涉6年多。日本始终想剥夺中国对日租界的行政管辖权,实施治外法权,同时尽量将设租界的负担转嫁给中方,但遭到相关各地官府和总理衙门的抵制。日本最终以强权迫使清政府屈服,在苏州、杭州确立专管租界框架后,推及其他口岸。此间,日本很顾忌西方列强的反应,其在上海设立专管租界的图谋与英美扩大公共租界相抵触,加上别无有利之处,最终选择放弃。张之洞曾主导中方抵制设立日租界,但在转向对日"联交"后,态度与举措大有改变。

After the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki,in order to enjoy the same status and rights as the Western great powers,Japan was eager to establish exclusive concessions in some of the treaty ports along the Yangtze River Valley.However,based on the suggestions of Zhang Zhidong and other officials,the Qing government responded to Japan by establishing foreign markets under Chinese sovereignty.At the same time,the government accepted Li Hongzhang's proposal to use the Western powers to contain Japan.Japan and China negotiated for six years over the establishment of Japanese concessions in Suzhou,Hangzhou,Shashi,Hankou,Chongqing and Shanghai.From beginning to end,Japan aimed to strip away China's administrative jurisdiction over Japanese concessions and implement extraterritoriality,while also trying to transfer the burdens of establishing the concessions to China.However,this was resisted by both the Zongli Yamen and the local governments that would have been affected by the concessions.In the end,Japan used its power to force the Qing government into submission.After establishing a framework for exclusive concessions in Suzhou and Hangzhou,Japan extended it to the other treaty ports.Japan,however,was worried about the responses of the Western great powers.Because Japan's scheme to establish an exclusive concession in Shanghai conflicted with the British and American plan to enlarge the Shanghai International Settlement,and moreover had no other advantages,Japan chose to abandon its plans in the end.Zhang Zhidong led the Qing government to resist the establishment of Japanese concessions for a time,but after he turned to a 'policy of uniting with Japan,' his attitude and conduct saw major changes.