苏维埃革命:从宣传口号到行动纲领——以中共早期武装暴动和政权建设为中心的解析

The Soviet Revolution: From Propaganda Slogans to a Program of Action——An Analysis Centered on the Armed Riots and Construction of State Power in the Early Period of the Chinese Communist Party

中国苏维埃运动的兴起,与国共合作破裂和大革命失败有着历史的因果关系。国民党新军阀突如其来的叛变,阻断了中国资产阶级民主革命正常的逻辑进程。作为对这一重大事变的因应,中共独立做出了武装反抗国民党的决策,而暴动后采取苏维埃的政权形式,则是遵循了共产国际和斯大林的指示。在中共领导的一系列工农武装暴动中,产生了历史上最早的一批县级苏维埃政权。但是,中共决策层把革命成功的全部希望寄托于城市,以主要精力用于搞中心城市的暴动。他们没能真正从广州起义的失败中汲取教训,反而不适当地夸大了广州起义和广州苏维埃的标志性意义。倒是毛泽东根据创建井冈山根据地的实践经验提出来的红色政权理论,把中国革命导引向另外一个新的方向。

The rise of China's Soviet movement had a causal historical relationship with both the rupture of relations between the CCP and the Kuomintang and the failure of the Great Revolution.The sudden betrayal of the KMTs new warlords obstructed the ordinary logic processes of China's bourgeois democratic revolution.In response to this important incident,the CCP independently decided to pursue armed resistance against the KMT,but its decision to adopt the Soviet form of government was the result of suggestions from Stalin and the Communist International.A series of CCP-led armed riots produced the earliest group of county-level Soviet governments in history.However,the leadership of the CCP placed all its hopes for the success of the revolution on the cities,and focused its energy on beginning rebellions in central cities.They were unable to draw lessons from the failure of Guangzhou Uprising,instead inappropriately exaggerating the symbolic significance of the Guangzhou Uprising and the Guangzhou Soviet.Actually,it was the theory of red political power put forward by Mao Zedong,based on the practical experiences of building Jinggangshan Base,that led the Chinese revolution in a new direction.