从关系到共生--中国大国外交理论的文化和制度阐释

From Guanxi Through Gongsheng: A Cultural and Institutional Interpretation to China's Diplomatic Theory

中国的大国外交理论是当前学术界关注的一个重要话题。从"关系"和"共生"两个核心概念入手,有助于了解中国大国外交理论的文化和制度含义。作者首先探讨了中国大国外交理论的文化含义,分别从因果与关系、定域与离域、敌与友、合而治之与分而治之之间的关系,揭示了中国大国外交理论中的共生文化因素;在制度体系与大国外交理论部分,则从中国国内制度体系和外交之间的关系角度,分析了中国如何克服和减少内外政治矛盾对国际合作的影响,目的在于深化人们从制度层面认识中国大国外交的国内支持因素;结尾部分还对比分析了中国历史上尝试过的列国秩序/均势秩序、华夷秩序/朝贡体系和共生秩序,指出朝贡体系作为一个流行的概念,对外界关于中国崛起的认识具有误导效应,应该挖掘中国传统内外关系中共生的资源。当代中国大国外交在文化和制度上的共生含义,同古代中国尝试过的共生秩序具有连续性。在关系的延伸中稳步扩大共生秩序的范围,形成对既有不共生现象更大的制约力量,最终接近和谐共生的命运共同体,是中国大国外交在国际秩序上的追求。

The two concepts,guanxi and gongsheng,are used in this paper to explore the implications of cultural and institutional elements of Chinese grand diplomatic theory. It begins with an analysis of cultural aspect of Chinese grand diplomatic theory in a comparative meaning of causality and guanxi,localization and delocalization,enemy and friend,unite and rule,and divide and rule. Then,it discusses the gongsheng aspect of Chinese diplomatic theory. Also,the paper demonstrates how China gets the domestic institutional support for its engaging international cooperation through reducing conflicts between domestic institutions and international arrangements. This paper compares the three orders of what China had tried in its history,balance of power,Huayi order, and gongsheng order. When pointing out that gongsheng order has been mostly neglected by scholars,it emphasizes that the pursuit of gongsheng order reflects China's effort in terms of international order construction.