人道主义危机治理规范的变迁--倡议联盟框架的视角

The Evolution of the Responsibility to Protect: A Perspective of Advocacy Coalition Framework

短短15年时间,保护的责任就从政治概念成长为国际规范,发展速度之快实属罕见。现有研究通过施动者和规范自身属性两条路径来分析该规范的变迁过程。这些研究过于倚重话语实践,对结构性机会讨论较少,较少关注该规范2005年之后的发展。运用政策科学中的倡议联盟框架,我们认为2005年保护的责任成为国际社会共识是外部事件、政策子系统内部政策执行失败、政策学习共同作用的结果。2005年之后,政策子系统内政策执行上的巨大反差以及保护的责任倡议联盟的政策学习,使得倡议联盟重视"保护中的责任",考虑接受加强军事授权的过程监督和事后问责。目前倡议联盟工作重点是建立落实保护的责任的共识。倡议联盟框架综合考虑宏观因素(政策子系统所处的外部国际社会环境)、中观因素(政策循环)、微观因素(倡议联盟),比较清楚地展示了2005年前后推动保护的责任发展的不同动力。未来需要进一步研究的是联合国如何继续推进保护的责任、保护的责任在非洲和亚洲"社会化"程度的比较分析以及将倡议联盟框架运用分析国际关系现象是否会补充或修改其主要假设。

Responsibility to Protect(R2P) has been an international norm which grows faster than other humanitarian norms.International society has applied R2P to cope with humanitarian emergencies.A number of meetings have been held to commemorate that R2P was adopted by world leaders at 2005 World Summit.Why has R2P progressed to be a well-established norm? We borrow a tool form Policy Sciencethe Advocacy Coalition Framework to interpret its normative development.We find that R2P became an international consensus which is motivated by external extents,policy failure in policy subsystem and policy learning.R2P normative development after 2005 is influenced by policy failure and policy learning.R2P advocacy coalition accepts ' the Responsibility While Protecting' partly and considers that it is necessary to strengthen emergency relief process monitoring and accountability to prevent United Nations resolutions from being abused and misused.The Advocacy Coalition Framework takes macro factors(external international change),middle-level factors(policy circulation) and micro factors(advocacy coalition) into consideration,which can clearly reveal how R2P evolved.