能源革命:从化石能源到新能源

Energy revolution:From a fossil energy era to a new energy era

为了预测世界总体能源发展的态势,从分析能源发展历史入手,明确了能源利用方式将在木柴向煤炭、煤炭向油气之后经历油气向新能源的第三次重大转换。尽管全球化石能源供应量总体比较充足,但关键技术突破和生态环境保护需求加快并推动了化石能源向新能源的转换。世界能源消费正在迈入石油、天然气、煤炭和新能源"四分天下"的时代,其在一次能源消费结构中的比例分别为32.6%、23.7%、30.0%和13.7%,中国能源消费也将由煤炭独大,逐步进入煤炭、油气和新能源"三足鼎立"的时代。对全球能源发展的预判结果表明:①石油迈入"稳定期",产量高峰将出现在2040年前后,高峰年产量约45×10~8 t;②天然气步入"鼎盛期",产量高峰将出现在2060年前后,高峰年产量约4.5×10^(12)m^3(40.5×10~8 t油当量),将在未来能源可持续发展中发挥支柱作用;③世界煤炭产量稳中有降,煤炭发展进入高效清洁化"转型期",污染物排放量将大幅降低,其占一次能源消费结构的比重也将有所下降;④新能源开发利用渐入"黄金期",占一次能源消费结构的比重将大幅提升。结论认为:①我国能源生产和消费具有自身特点,能源发展需从国情实际出发,加强煤炭资源清洁高效利用是解决我国能源环境问题的关键;②我国石油产量需达2×10~8 t,以保障国家能源安全;③加快致密气和页岩气等非常规资源开发步伐,力争实现2030年我国天然气产量超3 000×10~8 m^3的目标;④加强新能源资源的开发利用,2030年我国有可能实现非化石能源占一次能源消费结构比重20%的目标。

This paper aims to prediet the future situation of global energy development. In view of this, we reviewed the history of energy use and understood that new energy sources will usher in a new era following oil ＆ gas, coal and wood one after another in the past time. Although the fossil energy sources are still plenty in the world, great breakthroughs made in some key technologies and the increasing demand for ecological environmental protection both impel the third time of transformation from oil ＆ gas to new energy sources. Sooner or later, oil, gas, coal and new energy sources will each account for a quarter of global energy consumption in the new era, specifically speaking, accounting for 32.6%, 23.7%, 30.0% and 13.7% respectively. As one of the largest coal consumer, China will inevitably face up to the situation of tripartite confrontation of the coal, oil ＆ gas and new energy. The following forecasting results were achieved. First, the oil will be in a stable period and its annual production peak will be around 2040, reaching up to 45×10^8 t. Second, the natural gas will enter the heyday period and its annual production peak will be around 2060, reaching up to 4.5×10^12 m^3, which will play a pivotal role in the future energy sustainable development. Third, the coal has entered a high-carbon to low-carbon transition period, and its direct use and the discharged pollutants will be significantly reduced. In 2050, the coal will be dropped to 25% of the primary energy mix. Last, the development and utilization of new energy sources has been getting into the golden age and its proportion in the primary energy mix will be substantially enhanced. On this basis, we presented some proposals for the future energy development in China. At first, we should understand well that China＇s energy production and consumption has its own characteristics. Under the present situation, we should strengthen the clean and efficient use of coal resources, which is the key to solving our energy and environmental issues. Then, under the low oil price circumstance, we should keep 200 million tons of annual oil production as ＂the bottom line＂ so as to ensure national energy security and to accelerate tight gas, shale gas and other unconventional resources development. In 2030, the annual natural gas production will reach up to more than 300 Bcm. Finally, the development and utilization of new energy resources should be further strengthen and non- fossil energy sources will be expected to reach as high as 20% of the primary energy consumption by 2030.