我国三省(市)食品安全监管资源现状及分析

Current situation and analysis of food safety supervision in three provinces(city) in China

目的 :通过对上海市、四川省和甘肃省三地食品安全监管部门进行现场实证调查,分析其监管现状,为食品安全监管提供参考。方法 :采用方便抽样的方法选取上海市、四川省和甘肃省三地进行实证调查,收集当地食品企业基本情况、食品安全监管人员的数量、年龄、文化程度等基本信息资料,并进行分析和研究。结果 :四川省常住人口约为8 185万人,全省持证餐饮服务单位共计14.6万家,而实际的监管人员总数仅为1 548人,平均每人负责监管94家企业。上海市食品安全监管人员的学历相对较高,本科和研究生学历分别占到了69.10%和17.92%。四川省食品安全监管人员的学历总体相对较低,大专及以下学历为57.11%,本科为41.54%,研究生仅为1.36%。2013年的食品安全监管体制改革后,甘肃省食品安全监管部门监管人员数量明显增加。市州级行政机构监管和稽查执法机构人员均增加50%左右,检验检测机构人员增加比例高达90%;区县级行政监管人员约增加2/3,稽查执法机构增加近一倍,检验检测机构从原来的仅有15人增加至647人,为原来的43.13倍。结论 :我国食品安全监管人员编制和数量仍相对不足;监管人员学历相对较低;基层食品监管的人员大多为非食品相关专业;食品安全监管财政投入尚不能满足所需;监管手段较为单一;监管过程尚需建立有效监督机制和激励机制;企业自律性尚待提升。

Objective： To provide suggestions for the system of food safety supervision and management by field investigation and analysis on the food safety supervision and management departments in Shanghai Municipality, Siehuan and Gansu Provinces and their current supervisory situation. Methods： The basic information of food enterprises, number, age and educational background of food safety regulators were collected by field investigation using convenience sampling study. Results： The population of Sichuan Province was 81 850 000, and the number of certificated catering service units was 146 000 in total, while the number of food safety supervisors was only 1 548, which meant each supervisor was responsible for regulating 94 food enterprises. The educational background of food safety supervisors was relatively high in Shanghai, 69.10% and 17.92% with bachelor and postgraduate degree, respectively. However, the educational background of food safety supervisors in Siehuan Province was relatively low, the percentage of supervisors who only received junior college education or even below was 57.11%, supervisors with bachelor degree accounted for 41.54%, while those with postgraduate degree was just 1.36%. There was a sigulfieant increase in the number of food safety regulators in Gansu Province after the food safety regulatory system reform since 2013. The number of regulators in municipal-level administrative institutions and audit law enforcement agencies beth increased by 50%, and the increasing rate of testers and inspectors was up to 90%. Meanwhile, the number of county-level administrative institution regulators increased almost 2/3, and the audit law enforcement agencies regulators doubled its previous number, the number of testers and inspectors also increased from 15 to 647, 43.13 times of its previous size. Conclusion： The authorized size and number of food safety regulators of our country are relatively insufficient and their academic degrees are relatively low. Most of the elementary regulators are not professional. Inadequate financial input and single regulatory methods all call for effective supervisory mechanism and incentive mechanism, while enterprise self-discipline still needs promotion.