越南阮朝土司制度探析

On the Chieftain System of Vietnam's Nguyen Dynasty

越南阮朝时期,在少数民族地区因时因势设有"羁縻"化、军事性和土职官等多种土司建制。据《大南实录》和《大南会典事例》等汉文文献记载,土司的官长选任有朝廷授任、委托任命与世袭等情况;土职官作为"左官",在品秩上也存在与流官有别的特殊规定;从"明命"时期开始的改土归流,主要采取了"土司插流官""流官兼土司"及中断对土官的世袭等方式施行。中越两国历史上的渊源深远,是"同源殊离"的兄弟邻邦,阮朝的土司制度既有承袭前代、也有取鉴明清,观以东亚汉文化圈的制度发生学的整体视角,一定程度上亦可视为华夏制度文化延伸和外溢的产物。

In the period of Vietnam＇s Nguyen Dynasty, a variety of chieftain system of ＂mollifica- tion＂, military and aboriginal officialdom and others had been set up based on the circumstance in eth- nic areas. According to the records of Chinese literature of ＂Dai Nam Thuc Luc＂ and the ＂Dai Nam Nhat Thng Chi＂, there were loyal appointment, commission promotion, and hereditary system for the aboriginal chieftain~ aboriginal officials as ＂superior officials＂ also existed for a long time in the special provisions on the ranks. The reform of aboriginal chieftain had begun from the ＂the period of Minh Mang, which mainly adopted the method of ＂aboriginal chieftain being inserted into appointed officials＂, ＂appointed officials being the chieftain＂ and the suspension of the hereditary system of abo- riginal officials. China and Vietnam have a long and deep relation in history. They are the brotherly neighbor of ＂homologous origin＂. Nguyen＇s chieftain system not only inherited the previous genera- tion, but also learned from Ming and Qing Dynasties. On the overall perspective of the occurrence of the system of East Asian Chinese cultural circle , to some extent, we can also regard it as the product of Chinese institutional culture extension and spillover.